Philip Carpenter and the convergence of science and entertainment in the early-nineteenth century instrument trade
Philip Carpenter and the convergence of science and entertainment in the early-nineteenth century instrument trade
复制标题
菲利普·卡彭特和十九世纪初乐器贸易中科学与娱乐的融合
作者：
P. Roberts
本文将考虑19世纪初科学和媒体实践的一致性。在1817年之后的几十年里，一些仪器制造商开始专注于国内娱乐市场，将技术从光学仪器制造转移到时尚新奇设备的设计上。仪器贸易正在扩大到一个新的中产阶级市场，以利用日益流行的光学新奇产品贸易，例如1817年的万花筒热潮和中产阶级对显微镜、望远镜和魔灯的新兴趣。本文将讨论这种向更流行的科学仪器和光学玩具用途的转变。特别值得一提的是，它将讲述伯明翰和伦敦的眼镜商菲利普·卡彭特在1810年代和1820年代三种流行的媒体形式的参与——1817年专利的万花筒，1821年改进的幻灯和1827年的微观世界。铜版滑块是由三到四个转印后手绘的图像放在小玻璃片上，装在长木框里，用钢丝弹簧固定。这些幻灯片是第一次从单一矩阵（在这种情况下是铜雕刻）打印出来的。Carpenter的铜板转印工艺是基于Sadler和Green从1756年开始使用的陶瓷转印工艺（见图23）。
This article will consider the alignment of scientific and media practice at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Over several decades after 1817 certain instrument makers began to specialise in the domestic entertainment market, transferring skills from optical instrument manufacture to the design of fashionable novelty devices. The instrument trade was expanding into a new middle-class market to exploit an increasing popular trade in optical novelties, exemplified by the 1817 Kaleidoscope craze and new interest among the middle classes for microscopes, telescopes, and magic lanterns. This paper will address this shift towards more popular uses of scientific instruments and optical toys. In particular it will address the involvement of the Birmingham and London optician Philip Carpenter in three popular media formats of the 1810s and 1820s — the 1817 patent Kaleidoscope, 1821 Improved Phantasmagoria Lantern and 1827 Microcosm. The Copper-Plate Sliders are made up of three or four transfer-printed and then hand-painted images on small glass disks, mounted in long wooden frames and secured with wire spring fixtures. These slides were the first to be printed from a single matrix (in this case a copper engraving). Carpenter’s copper-plate transfer process was based on the ceramic transfer process used by Sadler and Green from 1756 onwards (see Figure 23).