Specialized cheating of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis by an epiparasitic liverwort
Specialized cheating of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis by an epiparasitic liverwort
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2002.2299
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发表时间：
2003-04-22
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Read, DJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bidartondo, MI;Bruns, TD;Read, DJ
在10个不同的科中，许多非光合维管植物从真菌获得所有的碳，但在大多数情况下，真菌和碳的最终来源是未知的。在少数情况下，这些植物被证明是表寄生的，因为它们通过共享的菌根真菌从邻近的绿色植物获得碳。在所有这些情况下，已经发现上寄生植物专门针对外生或丛枝菌根真菌的狭窄谱系。在这里，我们表明，一个非维管植物，非光合地钱Cryptothallus奇异，是epipasitic和专门的Tulasnella物种，形成外生菌与周围的树木在四个地点在英国，法国和葡萄牙。通过微宇宙实验，我们表明，与Tulasnella的相互作用是必要的生长的隐藻，并通过使用标记实验，我们表明，（CO2）-C-14提供给桦树幼苗转移到隐藻Tulasnella。这是第一个记录的情况下，epiparasitism的非维管植物和外生菌根形成的Tulasnella。这些结果拓宽了新兴的关联外寄生和菌根特化到一类新的植物和一个新的真菌。
Many non-photosynthetic vascular plants in 10 diverse families obtain all of their carbon from fungi, but in most cases the fungi and the ultimate sources of carbon are unknown. In a few cases, such plants have been shown to be epiparasitic because they obtain carbon from neighbouring green plants through shared mycorrhizal fungi. In all such cases, the epiparasitic plants have been found to specialize upon narrow lineages of ecto- or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Here we show that a non-vascular plant, the non-photosynthetic liverwort Cryptothallus mirabilis, is epiparasitic and is specialized on Tulasnella species that form ectomycorrhizae with surrounding trees at four locations in England, France and Portugal. By using microcosm experiments we show that the interaction with Tulasnella is necessary for growth of Cryptothallus, and by using labelling experiments we show that (CO2)-C-14 provided to birch seedlings is transferred to Cryptothallus by Tulasnella. This is one of the first documented cases of epiparasitism by a non-vascular plant and of ectomycorrhizal formation by Tulasnella. These results broaden the emerging association between epiparasitism and mycorrhizal specialization into a new class of plants and a new order of fungi.