Tillage effects on compaction, earthworms and other soil quality indicators in Hungary
Tillage effects on compaction, earthworms and other soil quality indicators in Hungary
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DOI：
10.1016/j.still.2004.02.006
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发表时间：
2004-08-01
影响因子：
6.5
通讯作者：
Percze, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Birkás, M;Jolánkai, M;Percze, A
匈牙利上个世纪的耕作哲学可以被描述为与极端气候和经济状况的斗争。19世纪末，切哈蒂推广的“匈牙利合理耕作”方法旨在减少耕作，而不增加可耕地作物歉收的风险。最近，由于能源价格上涨，以及由于需要削减生产成本、保持土壤和水资源以及保护环境，出现了新的耕作趋势和耕作制度。在匈牙利，合理化的耕作、松土和覆盖系统被视为新的耕作方法。在播种方法上也有新的措施，如整地播种一次法、耕播播种法、覆膜播种法和直播播种法等，这些措施都是环保的，可以改善土壤条件，避免对环境的危害。目前正在全国各地的研究项目中测试各种土壤保护耕作方法的适用性，并在讲习班上进行讨论。本文综述了土壤质量问题，如土壤压实、土壤耕作的发展趋势、影响土壤质量或状况的因素以及土壤的改良和维护。结果表明，每年翻土3年内，耕层深度的压实度最大，第5年以后，压实层在表层和深层均有所扩大。土壤质量恶化的耕作潘改善深松，并保持直接钻孔和种植土壤疏松渔获物。在壤土和桑迪土壤中，活性与土壤质量密切相关。蚯蚓的数量增加，不受干扰，但非压实的土壤和土壤，包括残茬残留物留在表面上，但没有增加的土壤，恶化的耕作平底锅或裸露的情况下覆盖。我们在新千年的目标是只使用足够的耕作，以创造和保持土壤保护，土壤质量和作物生产之间的和谐。(C)2004 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。
The philosophy toward tillage throughout the last century in Hungary can be characterized as a fight against extreme climatic and economic situations. The 'Hungarian reasonable tillage' approach that was promoted by Cserhati at the end of the 1800s was aimed at reducing tillage without increasing the risk of crop failure in arable fields. Recently, new tillage trends and systems have been introduced because of the rise in energy prices and because of the need to cut production costs, conserve soil and water resources and protect the environment. In Hungarian relation, the rationalized plowing, loosening and mulching systems are counted to the new tillage solutions. There are new steps in the sowing methods too, such as seedbed preparation and plant in one pass, till and plant, mulch-till and plant and direct drilling, which are environment capable, throughout improving soil condition and avoiding the environment harms. The applicability of various soil conservation tillage methods is currently being tested in research projects and discussed in workshops throughout the country. In this paper, soil quality problems such as compaction, trends in soil tillage, and factors affecting soil quality or condition as well as improvement and maintenance are summarized. The data show that annual disking and plowing causes subsoil compaction at the depth of tillage within 3 years and that the compacted layer expanded both in surface and deeper layers after the 5th year. Soil quality deterioration by tillage-pans was improved by subsoiling and maintained by direct drilling and planting soil-loosening catch crops. Within a loam and a sandy loam soil there were close correlations between earthworm activity and soil quality. Earthworm numbers increased on undisturbed but noncompacted soils and soils that included stubble residues remaining on the surface, but did not increase on soils that were deteriorated by tillage-pans or left bare by the absence of mulch. Our goal for the new millennium, is to use only enough tillage to create and maintain harmony between soil conservation, soil quality and crop production. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.