Learning and social aggregation in locust hoppers.
Learning and social aggregation in locust hoppers.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/0003-3472(59)90037-5
复制
发表时间：
1959-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Ellis, P. E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ellis, P. E.
1.1.当蝗虫成群时，蝗虫（蝗虫）群居在一起，这取决于个体之间的相互吸引（phasegregaria，在实验室中通过成群饲养蝗虫而获得）。然后，他们被称为社会聚合。这种行为模式可以在实验室中在提供物理均匀环境的笼子中进行测量。在非群集期间，分散的料斗（phasesolitaria，在实验室中获得的饲养料斗隔离）不吸引对方时，第一次被限制在一起，如果料斗已被隔离饲养被迫拥挤在一起，他们学会聚集社会在几个小时内。本文研究了两种蝗虫蝗虫在学习社会性聚集过程中重要的跳间刺激类型。& F.）和Schistocerca gregaria（Forsk.）2.2.当第一次被放在一起时，与一群非群居的蚱蜢或木虱（等足类动物）一起饲养的单跳。通过饲养单料斗放置在一个透明的盒子里，在笼子里的其他料斗，与其他料斗的直接触觉接触被消除，但视觉，听觉和嗅觉的刺激，从别人收到。在这种箱饲养的跳，社会聚集增加了一点在蝗虫，但不是在所有在Schistocerca。以前孤立的料斗表现出增加分组后，拥挤与其他料斗只有七个小时。在黑暗中拥挤产生类似的结果拥挤在光明中。社会聚集也增加了料斗饲养隔离，但接触细电线为七个小时的训练期，然后才被测试;他们分组几乎以及料斗已与其他蝗虫拥挤。拥挤和以前孤立的料斗时，他们第一次遇到别人所示的行为模式进行了描述。这两种类型的蝗虫都用触角和触须检查物体，包括其他蝗虫，但当它们自己被触摸时，它们的行为不同。先前孤立的跳蛛离开了;拥挤的跳蛛留在原地，用后腿踢或旋转触角。在学习社会性聚合的过程中，先前孤立的跳跃者似乎首先习惯于被触摸。在进一步接触之后，这是由后腿踢和天线旋转，这些可能在保持跳跃者在群体中发挥积极作用。完整的学习过程可以通过在将孤立的蝗虫与其他蝗虫放在一起之前用细金属丝反复接触它们来实现。与蝗虫相反，蚱蜢即使在成群饲养时也不会聚集在一起。在实验过程中保持颜色变化的记录。灰飞虱通常是黑色和橙子或黄色，而灰飞虱主要是绿色或淡黄色。各种治疗表明，phasegregariacolouring依赖于一个复杂的刺激之间的跳跃，通过听觉，视觉，嗅觉和触觉器官。8.8.总体上，两种蝗虫的结果相似。血吸虫学会社会性聚集的过程比蝗虫要快一些。
1.1. When locusts swarm, the hoppers (nymphs) live together in bands that depend on the individuals being attracted towards one another (phasegregaria, obtained in the laboratory by rearing hoppers together in crowds). They are then said to aggregate socially. This behaviour pattern can be measured in the laboratory in a cage that provides a physically uniform environment. In non-swarming periods, the scattered hoppers (phasesolitaria, obtained in the laboratory by rearing hoppers in isolation) are not attracted towards one another when first confined together, If hoppers that have been reared in isolation are forcibly crowded together they learn to aggregate socially within a few hours. The types of stimuli between hoppers that are of importance during the process of learning to aggregate socially were studied in the two locust speciesLocust migratoria migratorioides(R. & F.) andSchistocerca gregaria(Forsk.).2.2. Single hoppers reared with a crowd of non-gregarious grasshoppers or woodlice (Isopods) aggregated socially when first placed together.3.3. By rearing single hoppers in transparent boxes placed in a cage full of other hoppers, direct tactile contact with other hoppers was eliminated, but visual, auditory and olfactory stimuli were received from the others. In such box-reared hoppers, social aggregation was increased a little inLocusta, but not at all inSchistocerca.4.4. Previously isolated hoppers showed increased grouping after being crowded with other hoppers for only seven hours. Crowding in the dark produced similar results to crowding in the light. Social aggregation was also increased in hoppers that were reared isolated but touched with fine wires for a seven-hour training period before being tested; they grouped almost as well as hoppers that had been crowded with other locusts.5.5. The behaviour patterns shown by crowded and by previously isolated hoppers when they first meet others are described. Both types of hopper examined objects, including other locusts, with the antennae and palps, but they differed in behaviour when they were themselves touched. Previously isolated hoppers moved away; crowded hoppers remained where they were and kicked with the hind legs or twirled the antennae. During the process of learning to aggregate socially, previously isolated hoppers appear first to become habituated to being touched. This is followed, after further contacts, by hind-leg kicking and antenna twirling, and these probably play a positive role in keeping the hoppers together in groups. The complete learning process can be brought about by touching isolated hoppers repeatedly with fine wires before they are put with other locusts.6.6. In contrast to locusts, grasshoppers do not aggregate socially even when reared in crowds.7.7. Records of colour changes were kept during the experiments. Phasegregariahoppers are typically black and orange or yellow, whilst phasesolitariahoppers are mainly green or fawn. The various treatments suggested that phasegregariacolouring depended on a complex of stimuli between hoppers, through the auditory, visual, olfactory and tactile sense organs.8.8. On the whole, the two species of locust gave similar results. The process of learning to aggregate socially was a little more rapid inSchistocercathan inLocusta.