Immunological methods for detection and identification of infectious disease and biological warfare agents
Immunological methods for detection and identification of infectious disease and biological warfare agents
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DOI：
10.1128/cdli.10.4.506-513.2003
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发表时间：
2003-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Peruski, LF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Peruski, AH;Peruski, LF
生化特工恐怖主义集团或军事部队释放生物武器制剂可能是无声的，无法察觉或几乎无法察觉。正如2001年秋季美国东部的炭疽袭击所显示的那样，病人在接触炭疽后的几天内就开始开始出现在医院和诊所，大多数人表现出非特异性的ffu样症状。疫情爆发的最初几天甚至可能不会引起过度关注。然而，根据病原体的类型和传播方法，公共卫生系统将迅速达到或超过其能力。一个好的生物战剂的质量是它的雾化、感染性或毒性与产生效果所需的药剂量之间的关系（48）。此外，诸如环境稳定性、易于生产、疾病严重性和可传播性等标准确定了哪些药剂最有可能被利用。为了达到最大效果，最佳药剂应该是高致死性的，并且容易大量生产，并且具有有限的预防性或预防性治疗选择。鉴于呼吸途径对大多数BW制剂最有效，因此必须具有气雾剂形式的稳定性和易于分散在气雾剂（1- 10-m粒径）中的能力。在根据这些特性审查潜在物剂时，炭疽杆菌（炭疽）和天花病毒（天花）被认为最有可能造成大规模伤亡和内乱。肉毒杆菌神经毒素、鼠疫耶尔森菌和土拉热弗朗西斯菌也是潜在的高致病因子（48，91，92）。在预期名单上较低的是类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌和鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌，立克次体，贝氏柯克斯体、委内瑞拉马脑炎病毒、马尔堡病毒和埃博拉病毒以及流感病毒（48，63，91，92）。
BW agents. The release of a biological weapon (BW) agent by a terrorist group or military force would likely be silent and undetectable or nearly so. As shown by anthrax attack during the fall of 2001 in the eastern United States, patients would begin appearing at hospitals and clinics within several days of exposure, most presenting with nonspecific ffu-like symptoms. The first days of the outbreak might not even cause undue concern. However, depending on the type of agent and the method of dispersal, the public healthcare system would rapidly be stretched to capacity and beyond. The qualities that make a good BW agent are its relationship between aerosolization, infectivity, or toxicity and the amount of agent required to produce an effect (48). In addition, criteria such as environmental stability, ease of production, disease severity, and communicability determine which agents are the most likely to be utilized. For maximum effect, an optimal agent should be highly lethal and easily produced in large quantities and have limited options for preventive or prophylactic treatment. Given that the respiratory route is the most effective for most BW agents, stability in an aerosol form and the capability to be readily dispersed also in an aerosol (1-to 10-m particle size) are necessary. When potential agents are reviewed for these characteristics, Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) and variola major virus (smallpox) are considered to have the greatest potential for mass casualties and civil disruption. Also high on a prospective list of agents are botulinum neurotoxins, Yersinia pestis, and Francisella tularensis (48, 91, 92). Lower on the prospective list are Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei, Rickettsia sp., Coxiella burnetii, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Marburg and Ebola viruses, and inffuenza viruses (48, 63, 91, 92).