The throat singers of Tuva.
The throat singers of Tuva.
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图瓦人的喉咙歌手。
DOI：
10.1038/scientificamerican0999-80
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发表时间：
1999
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Edgerton,ME
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Levin,TC;Edgerton,ME
版权所有1999科学美国人公司由人类代理生产。例如，悬崖上的回声可能充满了精神意义。据说动物也能用声音来表达精神力量。人类可以通过模仿它们的声音来吸收这种力量。在牧民中，模仿周围的声音就像说话一样自然。唱喉音不是正式教授的（音乐通常是这样），而是像学习语言一样学会的。很大比例的男性牧民会用喉音唱歌，尽管不是每个人都能唱得好听。女性唱喉会导致不孕的禁忌正在逐渐消失，年轻女性也开始练习这种技巧。在图瓦牧民中流行唱喉歌似乎是由于文化和地理的巧合：一方面，万物有灵论对声音的微妙之处，尤其是音色的敏感；另一方面，强化的和声能够投射到广阔的草原上。事实上，20年前音乐会演出并不常见，因为大多数图瓦人认为音乐太“乡土”，不值得花钱。但现在它过着一种平行的公共生活。专业乐团已经取得了名人的地位，最受欢迎的歌手是民族文化认同的象征。最精湛的喉唱实践集中在图瓦（现在正式称为蒂瓦），一个与蒙古接壤的俄罗斯自治共和国，以及周围的阿尔泰地区，特别是蒙古西部。但在中亚的不同地区也能听到人声强化的和声。巴什基尔人（bashkir）是乌拉尔山脉（Ural Mountains）讲突厥语的民族，音乐家们用一种叫做“乌兹廖”（uzliau）的风格演唱带有呼吸强化和声的旋律。乌兹别克斯坦、卡拉卡尔帕克斯坦和哈萨克斯坦的史诗歌手们在歌曲中引入了强化和声的暗示
Copyright 1999 Scientific American, Inc. be made to produce by human agency. The echo off a cliff, for example, may be imbued with spiritual significance. Animals, too, are said to express spiritual power sonically. Humans can assimilate this power by imitating their sounds. Among the pastoralists, emulating ambient sounds is as natural as speaking. Throat-singing is not taught formally (as music often is) but rather picked up, like a language. A large percentage of male herders can throat-sing, although not everyone is tuneful. A taboo against female throat-singers, based on a belief that it causes infertility, is gradually receding, and younger women are beginning to practice the technique as well. The popularity of throat-singing among Tuvan herders seems to have arisen from a coincidence of culture and geography: on the one hand, the animistic sensitivity to the subtleties of sound, especially its timbre, and on the other, the ability of reinforced harmonics to project over the broad open landscape of the steppe. In fact, two decades ago concert performances were uncommon because most Tuvans regarded the music as too “down home” to spend money on. But now it leads a parallel public life. Professional ensembles have achieved celebrity status, and the favorite singers are symbols of national cultural identity. The most virtuosic practices of throatsinging are concentrated in Tuva (now officially called Tyva), an autonomous republic within Russia on its border with Mongolia, and in the surrounding Altai region, particularly western Mongolia. But vocally reinforced harmonics can also be heard in disparate parts of central Asia. Among the Bashkirs, a Turkic-speaking people from the Ural Mountains, musicians sing melodies with breathy reinforced harmonics in a style called uzliau. Epic singers in Uzbekistan, Karakalpakstan and Kazakhstan introduce hints of reinforced harmonics in