Run, hide, or fight: anti-predation strategies in endangered red-nosed cuxiú (Chiropotes albinasus, Pitheciidae) in southeastern Amazonia
Run, hide, or fight: anti-predation strategies in endangered red-nosed cuxiú (Chiropotes albinasus, Pitheciidae) in southeastern Amazonia
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逃跑、隐藏或战斗：亚马逊流域东南部濒临灭绝的红鼻库西乌（Chiropotes albinasus，Pitheciidae）的反捕食策略
作者：
A. Barnett;João M. Silla;T. D. de Oliveira;S. Boyle;B. Bezerra;W. Spironello;E. Setz;Rafaela F. Soares da Silva;Samara de Albuquerque Teixeira;Lucy M. Todd;L. Pinto
虽然灵长类动物的捕食行为很少被观察到，但一系列灵长类动物的反捕食策略已经被描述。这些策略的能量成本可以从高成本的围攻，通过成本较低的报警电话，以低成本的偷偷摸摸的隐藏。在这里，我们报告的反捕食策略的红鼻子cuxiú，Chiropotes albinaries，直接观察的基础上，从四个研究地点在巴西亚马逊河流域东南部。在1255个小时的野外工作中，我们观察到猛禽（所有潜在的捕食者）和红鼻子库克斯之间的9次直接互动。其中，一个（11%）导致捕食。涉及的猛禽有：Harpia harpyja（4起事件）、Leucopternis sp.（2起事件）、Spizaëtus arpynus（1起事件）和未识别的大型猛禽（2起事件）。捕食尝试发生在人工林和热带雨林，针对成年和非成年的库克斯，涉及成年和少年猛禽。库克斯人采取的反捕食策略包括：（1）群体防御和围攻行为（两次），（2）进入茂密的次树冠层（七次），（3）报警呼叫（八次），（4）逃到茂密的植被中并躲藏起来（八次）。在每次遭遇中，至少记录了其中两种行为。这是第一次公开记录红鼻子库西乌的捕食、捕食企图和反捕食行为。
Although primate predation is rarely observed, a series of primate anti-predation strategies have been described. Energetic costs of such strategies can vary from high-cost mobbing, via less costly alarm calling, to low-cost furtive concealment. Here we report the anti-predation strategies of red-nosed cuxiú, Chiropotes albinasus, based on direct observations from four study sites in southeastern Brazilian Amazonia. Over a collective period of 1255 fieldwork hours, we observed nine direct interactions between raptors (all potential predators) and red-nosed cuxiús. Of these, one (11%) resulted in predation. Raptors involved were: Harpia harpyja (four events), Leucopternis sp. (two events), Spizaëtus tyrannus (one event), and unidentified large raptors (two events). Predation attempts occurred in flooded-forest and terra firme rainforest, were directed at both adult and non-adult cuxiús, and involved both adult and juvenile raptors. Anti-predation strategies adopted by the cuxiús included: (1) group defence and mobbing behaviour (two occasions), (2) dropping into dense sub-canopy (seven occasions), (3) alarm calling (eight occasions), and (4) fleeing to, and hiding in, dense vegetation (eight occasions). During each encounter at least two of these behaviours were recorded. These are the first published records of predation, predation attempts, and anti-predator behaviour involving red-nosed cuxiú.