Toward a microbial Neolithic revolution in buildings.
Toward a microbial Neolithic revolution in buildings.
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DOI：
10.1186/s40168-016-0157-2
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发表时间：
2016-03-29
期刊：
影响因子：
15.5
通讯作者：
Thaler DS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Thaler DS
新石器时代的革命--人类从狩猎和采集者到耕种者的转变--开始于大约14,000年前，基本上完成了宏观食物的转变。人类与微生物的关系在很大程度上仍然是新石器时代前的，但从肠道开始，我们继续我们的百年项目，以接近评估和培养我们体内良性微生物组的能力。建筑物类似于身体，现在是时候问一下在我们的建筑环境中培养良性微生物组意味着什么了。一个关键的区别是，我们还没有发现，或发明，在建筑物中健康的微生物代谢发生和/或可以培养的小生境。影响建筑物健康和完好性的关键事件，如飓风导致洪水或管道爆裂，很少发生，而且无法预测。原因可能是短暂的，但影响可能是持久的，例如，潮湿的损害，累积的。非侵入性的“建筑物断层扫描”可以发现水分，“哨兵微生物”可以记录瞬时生长的积分。“种子”微生物是代谢惰性细胞，能够在条件允许时生长。所有微生物及其残留物都呈现光化分子，包括免疫表位（分子形状）。令人着迷的卫生学和微生物生物多样性假说提出，健康的免疫系统需要暴露于一组丰富多样的微生物表位。一个特别的推测是，来自微生物组下一代测序（NGS）的多样性丰富程度的测量可以机械地耦合到人类健康，而不仅仅是与人类健康的一些测量相关。这些假设和假设激励了工作者和资助者，但另一种选择也是第一次新石器时代革命的结果：当代食物的遗传均一性也可能以与健康相关的方式减少人类对分子生物多样性的暴露。了解其后果--包括第一次新石器时代革命的意外后果--将为我们提供信息，并帮助我们良性地实现第二次新石器时代微生物革命。
The Neolithic revolution—the transition of our species from hunter and gatherer to cultivator—began approximately 14,000 years ago and is essentially complete for macroscopic food. Humans remain largely pre-Neolithic in our relationship with microbes but starting with the gut we continue our hundred-year project of approaching the ability to assess and cultivate benign microbiomes in our bodies. Buildings are analogous to the body and it is time to ask what it means to cultivate benign microbiomes in our built environment. A critical distinction is that we have not found, or invented, niches in buildings where healthful microbial metabolism occurs and/or could be cultivated. Key events affecting the health and healthfulness of buildings such as a hurricane leading to a flood or a burst pipe occur only rarely and unpredictably. The cause may be transient but the effects can be long lasting and, e.g., for moisture damage, cumulative. Non-invasive “building tomography” could find moisture and “sentinel microbes” could record the integral of transient growth. “Seed” microbes are metabolically inert cells able to grow when conditions allow. All microbes and their residue present actinic molecules including immunological epitopes (molecular shapes). The fascinating hygiene and microbial biodiversity hypotheses propose that a healthy immune system requires exposure to a set of microbial epitopes that is rich in diversity. A particular conjecture is that measures of the richness of diversity derived from microbiome next-generation sequencing (NGS) can be mechanistically coupled to—rather than merely correlated with some measures of—human health. These hypotheses and conjectures inspire workers and funders but an alternative is also consequent to the first Neolithic revolution: That the genetic uniformity of contemporary foods may also decrease human exposure to molecular biodiversity in a heath-relevant manner. Understanding the consequences—including the unintended consequences of the first Neolithic revolution—will inform and help us benignly implement the second—the microbial—Neolithic revolution.