The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants
The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants
复制标题
DOI：
10.1038/sj.jea.7500165
复制
发表时间：
2001-05-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Engelmann, WH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Klepeis, NE;Nelson, WC;Engelmann, WH
由于人类活动影响污染物暴露的时间、地点和程度，因此它们在解释暴露变化方面起着关键作用。这一事实促使收集活动模式数据，以便在暴露评估中具体使用。最近最大的努力是国家人类活动模式调查(NHAPS)，这是一项为期两年的基于概率的电话调查(n=9386)，调查对象是美国(U.S.)与暴露相关的人类活动。由美国环境保护局(EPA)赞助。NHAPS的主要目的是在广泛的地理和时间尺度上提供全面和当前的暴露信息，特别是用于概率人口暴露模型。从1992年9月下旬至1994年9月，由马里兰大学调查研究中心使用计算机辅助电话访问工具(CATI)几乎每天进行NHAPS，以收集每个受访者的24小时回顾日记和对一些个人和与暴露有关的问题的回答。生成的日记记录包含日记当天发生的位置和活动的每个不同组合的开始和结束时间(即每个微环境)。在340到1713之间，所有年龄段的受访者在48个毗邻的州的10个环保局地区的每个地区接受了采访。在被联系的家庭中，63%的家庭完成了访谈。NHAPS的受访者报告说，他们平均有87%的时间在封闭的建筑中，约6%的时间在封闭的车辆中。从20世纪80年代末加州空气资源委员会(CARB)赞助了一项全州范围的活动模式研究到90年代中期进行NHAPS，这些比例在美国和加拿大的不同地区以及加州人口中相当稳定。然而，加州暴露于环境烟草烟雾(ETS)的人数似乎在同一时间段内有所减少，在这段时间内，暴露于环境烟草烟雾的人数是由报告的与吸烟者共处的时间决定的。据报道，在加利福尼亚州和整个国家，暴露在ETS中的时间最多发生在住宅地点。
Because human activities impact the timing, location, and degree of pollutant exposure, they play a key role in explaining exposure variation. This fact has motivated the collection of activity pattern data for their specific use in exposure assessments. The largest of these recent efforts is the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS), a 2-year probability-based telephone survey (n = 9386) of exposure-related human activities in the United States (U.S.) sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The primary purpose of NHAPS was to provide comprehensive and current exposure information over broad geographical and temporal scales, particularly for use in probabilistic population exposure models. NHAPS was conducted on a virtually daily basis from late September 1992 through September 1994 by the University of Maryland's Survey Research Center using a computer-assisted telephone interview instrument (CATI) to collect 24-h retrospective diaries and answers to a number of personal and exposure-related questions from each respondent. The resulting diary records contain beginning and ending times for each distinct combination of location and activity occurring on the diary day (i.e., each microenvironment). Between 340 and 1713 respondents of all ages were interviewed in each of the 10 EPA regions across the 48 contiguous states. Interviews were completed in 63% of the households contacted. NHAPS respondents reported spending an average of 87% of their time in enclosed buildings and about 6% of their time in enclosed vehicles. These proportions are fairly constant across the various regions of the U.S. and Canada and for the California population between the late 1980s, when the California Air Resources Board (CARB) sponsored a state-wide activity pattern study, and the mid-1990s, when NHAPS was conducted. However, the number of people exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in California seems to have decreased over the same time period, where exposure is determined by the reported time spent with a smoker. In both California and the entire nation, the most time spent exposed to ETS was reported to take place in residential locations.