Toward Snow Cover Estimation in Mountainous Areas Using Modern Data Assimilation Methods: A Review
Toward Snow Cover Estimation in Mountainous Areas Using Modern Data Assimilation Methods: A Review
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DOI：
10.3389/feart.2020.00325
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发表时间：
2020-09
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通讯作者：
C. Largeron;M. Dumont;S. Morin;A. Boone;M. Lafaysse;Sammy Metref;E. Cosme;T. Jonas;A. Winstral;S. Margulis
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作者：
C. Largeron;M. Dumont;S. Morin;A. Boone;M. Lafaysse;Sammy Metref;E. Cosme;T. Jonas;A. Winstral;S. Margulis
积雪是陆地表面水文学的一个重要组成部分，特别是在山区，积雪控制着下游地区的水量和供水时间。它参与了相关的气候反馈和自然灾害，如雪崩和洪水。监测和预测积雪的特征是具有挑战性的。虽然从卫星数据中提取积雪覆盖范围相对容易，但对雪水当量(SWE)的遥感提取往往不准确，特别是在复杂的山区地形。由气象数据驱动的基于模型的积雪估计，由于输入数据和模型误差，往往具有很大的不确定性。数据同化可以将这两种方法结合起来，以改善SWE估计。在这篇文章中，我们回顾了目前最先进的数据同化方法，用于最佳地结合测量和积雪模式，以减少不确定性。一种给定的数据同化方法的适用性随雪模式的数值复杂性以及观测的可用性和类型而不同。这篇综述描述了与应用于山区积雪覆盖的数据同化有关的问题和挑战，为现有和即将建立的山区积雪水文监测和预报系统提供了建议。
The snow cover is a key component of land surface hydrology, especially in mountain areas where it governs the amount and timing of water availability in downstream areas. It is involved in relevant climate feedbacks and natural hazards such as avalanches and floods. Monitoring and forecasting snow cover characteristics is challenging. While snow cover extent is relatively easy to retrieve from satellite data, remote sensing retrievals of the snow water equivalent (SWE) is often inaccurate, particularly in complex mountainous terrain. Model-based snow cover estimates, driven by meteorological data, often bear significant uncertainties due to both input data and model errors. Data assimilation can combine both approaches to improve SWE estimates. In this paper, we review current state-of-the-art data assimilation methodologies used to optimally combine measurements with snow cover models in order to reduce uncertainties. The suitability of a given data assimilation method varies with the numerical complexity of snow models as well as the availability and the type of observations. This review describes the issues and challenges associated with data assimilation applied to the mountain snow cover, providing recommendations for existing and upcoming monitoring and prediction systems of snow hydrology in mountainous regions.