Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) from MIPAS in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere 2002-2012
Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) from MIPAS in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere 2002-2012
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DOI：
10.5194/acp-15-7017-2015
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发表时间：
2015-06
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
M. Höpfner;C. Boone;B. Funke;N. Glatthor;U. Grabowski;A. Günther;S. Kellmann;M. Kiefer;A. Linden;S. Lossow;H. Pumphrey;W. Read;A. Roiger;G. Stiller;H. Schlager;T. Clarmann;Katharina Wissmüller
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Höpfner;C. Boone;B. Funke;N. Glatthor;U. Grabowski;A. Günther;S. Kellmann;M. Kiefer;A. Linden;S. Lossow;H. Pumphrey;W. Read;A. Roiger;G. Stiller;H. Schlager;T. Clarmann;Katharina Wissmüller
抽象。根据2002年7月至2012年4月期间Envisat上用于被动大气探测的迈克尔逊干涉仪（MIPAS）的观测结果，获得了从对流层上部到~20 km高度高度区域全球覆盖范围内二氧化硫（SO2）的垂直分辨分布。检索的体积混合比配置文件代表单次测量的特点是典型的误差范围为70-100 pptv和垂直分辨率范围为3至5公里。与大气化学实验傅里叶变换光谱仪的观测结果进行比较后发现，在火山活动导致浓度增加的情况下，MIPAS数据集在-20至50 pptv的高度范围内有略微不同的偏差。对于背景浓度，比较显示了两个主要MIPAS观察期之间的系统差异。在去偏置之后，相对于ACE-FTS，在10-20 km的高度范围内，差异可以减小到-10至20 pptv的偏差。进一步比较去偏的MIPAS数据集与各种飞机活动的现场测量结果表明，在±50 pptv左右的范围内没有明显的不一致。在对流层上部和平流层下部（UTLS）可以识别30多个火山爆发的SO2排放。排放的SO2质量和寿命在不同的高度范围内的UTLS已导出这些喷发的很大一部分。在大多数情况下，质量在其他工具得出的估计值范围内。从MIPAS测量期间的三次主要爆发-2008年8月的Kasatochi，2009年6月的Sarychev和2011年6月的Nabro-得出的高度范围为10-14，14-18和18-22 km的SO2寿命分别为13.3 ± 2.1，23.6 ± 1.2和32.3 ± 5.5天。通过省略火山活动影响明显的时段，我们得到了SO2的背景混合比分布。在10公里的高度，这些表明在北方中高纬度地区的年周期，最大值在夏季，振幅约为30 pptv。在约16-18公里的较高海拔处，夏季亚洲和北美季风区的二氧化硫混合比增强，这可能与Vernier等人（2011年b）在该区域发现的气溶胶层有关。
Abstract. Vertically resolved distributions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) with global coverage in the height region from the upper troposphere to ~20 km altitude have been derived from observations by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on Envisat for the period July 2002 to April 2012. Retrieved volume mixing ratio profiles representing single measurements are characterized by typical errors in the range of 70–100 pptv and by a vertical resolution ranging from 3 to 5 km. Comparison with observations by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) revealed a slightly varying bias with altitude of −20 to 50 pptv for the MIPAS data set in case of volcanically enhanced concentrations. For background concentrations the comparison showed a systematic difference between the two major MIPAS observation periods. After debiasing, the difference could be reduced to biases within −10 to 20 pptv in the altitude range of 10–20 km with respect to ACE-FTS. Further comparisons of the debiased MIPAS data set with in situ measurements from various aircraft campaigns showed no obvious inconsistencies within a range of around ±50 pptv. The SO2 emissions of more than 30 volcanic eruptions could be identified in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). Emitted SO2 masses and lifetimes within different altitude ranges in the UTLS have been derived for a large part of these eruptions. Masses are in most cases within estimations derived from other instruments. From three of the major eruptions within the MIPAS measurement period – Kasatochi in August 2008, Sarychev in June 2009 and Nabro in June 2011 – derived lifetimes of SO2 for the altitude ranges 10–14, 14–18 and 18–22 km are 13.3 ± 2.1, 23.6 ± 1.2 and 32.3 ± 5.5 days respectively. By omitting periods with obvious volcanic influence we have derived background mixing ratio distributions of SO2. At 10 km altitude these indicate an annual cycle at northern mid- and high latitudes with maximum values in summer and an amplitude of about 30 pptv. At higher altitudes of about 16–18 km, enhanced mixing ratios of SO2 can be found in the regions of the Asian and the North American monsoons in summer – a possible connection to an aerosol layer discovered by Vernier et al. (2011b) in that region.