The Multiple Lines of Defense Strategy to Sustain Coastal Louisiana
The Multiple Lines of Defense Strategy to Sustain Coastal Louisiana
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DOI：
10.2112/si54-020.1
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发表时间：
2009-09-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Lopez, John A.
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文献类型：
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作者：
Lopez, John A.
沿海的路易斯安那州已经进入了一个时期，至少有两种强大的过程正在对它的生存产生影响。驱动热带系统的气象过程更频繁地产生4级和5级飓风，虽然不确定，但预计未来几十年将出现更具破坏性的飓风。自20世纪50年代以来，导致路易斯安那州沿海土地流失的过程仅略有减弱。不断恶化的海岸和历史上不完善的堤坝使路易斯安那州极易受到飓风潮事件的负面影响。路易斯安那州沿海地区的脆弱性危机是飓风防护能力减弱与更频繁、更强烈的飓风的持续时间重叠。多重防线战略提出，路易斯安那州海岸的两个基本要素得到管理和延续，它们一起可以在经济上维持海岸。这两个规划要素是：(1)利用自然和人工特征（防线）直接阻止风暴潮或减少风暴破坏；(2)建立和维持栖息地目标。该策略可以广泛地看作是结构性和非结构性防洪与海岸恢复的结合。美国陆军工程兵团进行的大规模风暴潮模拟证实了“关键景观特征”的存在，这些特征是现有的有利于阻止风暴潮的防线。拟议的战略可能是海岸的统一愿景：包括环境栖息地恢复和工程防洪。在路易斯安那沿海地区，该战略的应用更符合传统的土地利用方式，而不是现代的土地利用方式。多重防线战略目标可以通过地图表达出来，并通过水动力和栖息地模型进行测试。这一规划的最重要成果是一幅单一的地图，显示了期望的未来海岸元素，提供必要的生态服务和适当的区域洪水系统，以使该地区的经济永续发展。
Coastal Louisiana has entered a period when the convergence of at least two powerful processes is working against its survival. Meteorological processes driving tropical systems have more frequently generated category 4 and 5 hurricanes and, although not a certainty, more destructive hurricanes are predicted for coming decades. Since the 1950s, the processes driving coastal land loss in Louisiana have continued only slightly abated. A deteriorating coast and historically inadequate levees make Louisiana acutely susceptible to the negative consequences of hurricane surge events. Coastal Louisiana's crisis of vulnerability is the continued temporal overlap of weakened hurricane protection with more frequent, intense hurricanes.The multiple lines of defense strategy proposes that two essential elements of the Louisiana coast be managed and perpetuated, which together can economically sustain the coast. The two planning elements are (1) using natural and manmade features (lines of defense) that directly impede storm surge or reduce storm damage and (2) establishing and sustaining habitat goals. The strategy can be broadly considered as integration of structural and nonstructural flood protection with coastal restoration. Extensive storm surge modeling by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has verified the presence of "critical landscape features," which are existing lines of defense that beneficially impede storm surge. The proposed strategy is potentially a unifying vision for the coast: embracing environmental habitat restoration as well as engineered flood protection. Application of the strategy is more consistent with traditional land use than modern land use in coastal Louisiana.The multiple lines of defense strategy goals can be articulated through maps and tested with hydrodynamic and habitat models. The paramount product of this planning is a single map indicating the desired future elements of the coast that provide essential ecologic services and an adequate regional flood system to perpetuate the economy of the region.