Linguistic Minorities in Multilingual Settings: Implications for language policies
Linguistic Minorities in Multilingual Settings: Implications for language policies
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多语言环境中的语言少数群体：对语言政策的影响
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发表时间：
1994
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通讯作者：
C. B. Paulston
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作者：
C. B. Paulston
19世纪欧洲人将一个民族一种语言的国家作为理想国家的观念已经产生了非常广泛的影响，尽管当今世界上大多数国家都是多语言的，也就是说，它们包含相互接触的民族，而且经常相互竞争。
这种想法对语言政策的制定产生了影响，从在法国南部听到说奥克西坦语的孩子脖子上挂一个木屐到爱尔兰为推广爱尔兰语而投入大量预算。在这本书中，Paulston提出了一个分析框架，用于解释和预测社会群体的语言行为，因为这种行为与少数群体的语言政策有关。她认为，在理解和制定少数群体的语言政策时，必须考虑一些因素：（1）语言规划要想成功，就必须考虑语言问题的社会背景，（2）对接触的社会群体的语言后果将因社会动员的重点而异，即种族或民族主义，（3）准确预测这种语言后果的一个主要问题是确定有助于语言保持或转换的突出因素，即回答“在什么条件下"的问题。第一部分概述和讨论了分析框架，首先是对语言问题和语言政策以及有助于语言保持和变化的社会因素的一般性考虑。作者继续讨论了四种不同类型的社会动员，它们在特定的社会条件下产生不同的语言后果：种族，种族运动，种族民族主义和地理民族主义。这种理解对于制定有益的教育政策和成功的语言规划至关重要。第二部分通过对一些个案的对比分析，阐明了他们不同的母语保持过程。它特别试图说明第一部分讨论的社会动员类型，并理解影响和改变社会动员类型效果的社会条件。
The 19th-century European notion of the one people-one language nation as the ideal state has been a very pervasive influence in spite of the fact that most countries in the world today are multilingual, that is they contain ethnic groups in contact and not infrequently in competition.
Such thinking has held implications for the setting of language policies, from hanging a wooden clog around the neck of a child heard speaking Occitan in Southern France to the considerable budgeting in Ireland for the promotion of Irish. In this book, Paulston presents an analytical framework for explaining and predicting the language behaviour of social groups as such behaviour relates to linguistic policies for minority groups. She argues that a number of factors must be considered in the understanding and establishment of language policies for minority groups: (1) if language planning is to be successful, it must consider the social context of language problems, (2) the linguistic consequences for social groups in contact will vary depending on the focus of social mobilization, i.e. ethnicity or nationalism, and (3) a major problem in the accurate prediction of such linguistic consequences lies in identifying the salient factors which contribute to language maintenance or shift, i.e. answering the question “under what conditions?”. Part I outlines and discusses the analytical framework, beginning with a general consideration of language problems and language policies and of the social factors which contribute to language maintenance and shift. The author continues to discuss four distinct types of social mobilization, which under certain specified social conditions result in different linguistic consequences: ethnicity, ethnic movements, ethnic nationalism, and geographic nationalism. The argument is that such an understanding is vital to helpful educational policies and successful language planning in general. Part II contrasts and compares a number of case studies for clarification of their diverse courses of mother tongue maintenance. It particularly seeks to illustrate the type of social mobilization discussed in Part I and to understand the social conditions which influence and alter the effects of the type of social mobilization.