Transposable element recruitments in the mammalian placenta: impacts and mechanisms
Transposable element recruitments in the mammalian placenta: impacts and mechanisms
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DOI：
10.1093/bfgp/els013
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发表时间：
2012-07-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Wagner, Guenter P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Emera, Deena;Wagner, Guenter P.
转座因子（Transposable elements，TE）是哺乳动物基因组中存在频率很高的移动的DNA元件。虽然这些元素通常被认为是基因组寄生虫，但它们有可能以许多有益的方式影响宿主基因组功能。本文讨论了在胎生哺乳动物的胎盘和妊娠的进化中TE所起的作用。使用我们自己的研究和文献中的例子，我们认为，频繁招聘的TE，特别是retorelements，促进了极端多样化的组织在母胎界面。我们还讨论了TEs在怀孕期间被招募的机制。我们认为，retroelements预先适应成为顺式调控元件的主机基因组，因为他们需要利用自己的生命周期的主机调节信号。然而，尽管TE含有在插入时宿主功能所必需的一些信号，但它们在宿主组织中获得生物学作用之前通常需要修饰。我们讨论的过程中，其中一个TE转化为子宫内膜中的催乳素表达的启动子，描述了一个模型TE驯化称为“上位捕获”。
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA elements found at high frequency in mammalian genomes. Although these elements are generally perceived as genomic parasites, they have the potential to influence host genome function in many beneficial ways. This article discusses the role TEs have played in the evolution of the placenta and pregnancy in viviparous mammals. Using examples from our own research and the literature, we argue that frequent recruitment of TEs, in particular of retroelements, has facilitated the extreme diversification of tissues at the maternal-fetal interface. We also discuss the mechanisms by which TEs have been recruited for functions during pregnancy. We argue that retroelements are pre-adapted to becoming cis-regulatory elements for host genomes because they need to utilize host regulatory signals for their own life cycle. However, although TEs contain some of the signals necessary for host functions upon insertion, they often require modification before acquiring a biological role in a host tissue. We discuss the process by which one TE was transformed into a promoter for prolactin expression in the endometrium, describing a model for TE domestication called 'epistatic capture'.