Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya.
Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya.
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随着对地下水的依赖增加，水化学带来健康风险：埃塞俄比亚和肯尼亚水文地球化学研究的系统回顾。
DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Nowicki S
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文献类型：
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作者：
Nowicki S
在撒哈拉以南非洲，随着发展计划努力改善水资源获取和加强对气候变化的适应能力，对地下水的依赖正在增加。在低收入地区，地下水供应通常在没有水质处理基础设施或服务的情况下安装。这种做法的基础是一种假设，即未经处理的地下水通常适合饮用，因为与地表水相比，地下水的微生物相对安全;然而，化学风险在很大程度上被忽视了。本文系统地回顾了160项研究的地下水化学结果，以评估两个案例国家（埃塞俄比亚和肯尼亚）的潜在健康风险。大多数研究评估了饮用水的适宜性，重点是优先参数（氟化物、砷、硝酸盐或盐度; 18%）、污染影响（10%）或总体适宜性（45%）。其余的特征一般水文地球化学（13%），流动动力学（10%），或水质适合灌溉（3%）。只有6项研究（4%）报告饮用水质量阈值没有变化。因此，化学污染物广泛存在于用于饮用但未定期监测的地下水中：78%的研究报告了具有直接健康后果（从高血压到认知发育中断和退行性疾病）的污染物的不稳定性，81%的研究报告了通过影响地下水与地表水的感知和使用而具有间接健康影响的美学参数的不稳定性。尽管如此，采样的时空覆盖面仍有很大差距，数据提供偏差的原因是：（a）研究倾向于集中在已知存在水质问题的地区;（B）分析能力有限。提高国内分析能力可以促进更有效地评估水化学风险并确定其优先次序。总体而言，本次审查表明，如果不更广泛地实施地下水处理，就无法实现普遍和公平地获得安全饮用水（可持续发展目标具体目标6.1），因此需要改变水系统的设计和管理方式。
Reliance on groundwater is increasing in Sub-Saharan Africa as development programmes work towards improving water access and strengthening resilience to climate change. In lower-income areas, groundwater supplies are typically installed without water quality treatment infrastructure or services. This practice is underpinned by an assumption that untreated groundwater is typically suitable for drinking due to the relative microbiological safety of groundwater compared to surface water; however, chemistry risks are largely disregarded. This article systematically reviews groundwater chemistry results from 160 studies to evaluate potential health risk in two case countries: Ethiopia and Kenya. Most studies evaluated drinking water suitability, focusing on priority parameters (fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, or salinity; 18 %), pollution impacts (10 %), or overall suitability (45 %). The remainder characterised general hydrogeochemistry (13 %), flow dynamics (10 %), or water quality suitability for irrigation (3 %). Only six studies (4 %) reported no exceedance of drinking water quality thresholds. Thus, chemical contaminants occur widely in groundwaters that are used for drinking but are not regularly monitored: 78 % of studies reported exceedance of contaminants that have direct health consequences ranging from hypertension to disrupted cognitive development and degenerative disease, and 81 % reported exceedance of aesthetic parameters that have indirect health impacts by influencing perception and use of groundwater versus surface water. Nevertheless, the spatiotemporal coverage of sampling has substantial gaps and data availability bias is driven by a) the tendency for research to concentrate in areas with known water quality problems, and b) analytical capacity limitations. Improved in-country analytical capacity could bolster more efficient assessment and prioritisation of water chemistry risks. Overall, this review demonstrates that universal and equitable access to safe drinking water (Sustainable Development Goal target 6.1) will not be achieved without wider implementation of groundwater treatment, thus a shift is required in how water systems are designed and managed.