Brain neurotransmitters in fatigue and overtraining
Brain neurotransmitters in fatigue and overtraining
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DOI：
10.1139/h07-080
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发表时间：
2007-10-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Piacentini, Maria F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Meeusen, Romain;Watson, Philip;Piacentini, Maria F.
自从5-羟色胺假说发表以来，已经提出了许多理论来解释中枢疲劳，这些理论涉及大脑中不同物质的积累或消耗。虽然“降钙素疲劳假说”的理论基础是明确的，但几项看似进行良好的研究未能支持5-羟色胺在疲劳发生中的重要作用。由于大脑功能似乎依赖于许多系统的相互作用，因此单一神经递质系统不太可能负责中枢疲劳。其他几种机制也参与其中，有证据支持大脑中的儿茶酚胺的作用。因此，疲劳可能是一种综合现象，中枢和外周因素之间存在复杂的相互作用。当长时间和过度训练发生时，与其他压力源和恢复不足同时发生，性能下降可导致慢性适应不良，可导致过度训练综合征（OTS）。OTS的机制可能很难详细研究，也许是因为过度训练负荷引起的压力，与其他压力源结合，可能会触发不同的“防御机制”，如免疫，神经内分泌和其他生理系统，所有这些系统都相互作用，因此可能无法确定为OTS的“唯一”原因。也许，就像在其他综合征中一样，心理神经免疫学（研究大脑-行为-免疫相互关系）可能会揭示OTS的可能机制，但在有明确的诊断工具之前，最重要的是标准化现在被认为可以提供运动员训练状态的良好清单的措施。强调需要将OTS与过度运动和其他暂时表现不佳的潜在原因（如贫血、急性感染、肌肉损伤和碳水化合物摄入不足）区分开来是非常重要的。
Since the publication of the serotonin hypothesis, numerous theories involving the accumulation or depletion of different substances in the brain have been proposed to explain central fatigue. Although the theoretical rationale for the "serotonin-fatigue hypothesis" is clear, several seemingly well-conducted studies have failed to support a significant role for 5-hydroxytryptamine in the development of fatigue. As brain function appears to be dependent upon the interaction of a number of systems, it is unlikely that a single neurotransmitter system is responsible for central fatigue. Several other mechanisms are involved, with evidence supporting a role for the brain catecholamines. Fatigue is therefore probably an integrated phenomenon, with complex interaction among central and peripheral factors. When prolonged and excessive training happens, concurrent with other stressors and insufficient recovery, performance decrements can result in chronic maladaptations that can lead to the overtraining syndrome (OTS). The mechanism of the OTS could be difficult to examine in detail, perhaps because the stress caused by excessive training load, in combination with other stressors, might trigger different "defence mechanisms" such as the immunological, neuroendocrine, and other physiological systems that all interact and probably therefore cannot be pinpointed as the "sole" cause of the OTS. It might be that, as in other syndromes, the psychoneuroimmunology (study of brain-behavior-immune interrelationships) might shed a light on the possible mechanisms of the OTS, but until there is a definite diagnostic tool, it is of utmost importance to standardize measures that are now thought to provide a good inventory of the training status of the athlete. It is very important to emphasize the need to distinguish the OTS from overreaching and other potential causes of temporary underperformance such as anemia, acute infection, muscle damage, and insufficient carbohydrate intake.