Small-footprint Laser Scanning Simulator for System Validation, Error Assessment, and Algorithm Development
Small-footprint Laser Scanning Simulator for System Validation, Error Assessment, and Algorithm Development
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DOI：
10.14358/pers.75.10.1177
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发表时间：
2009-10-01
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Hyyppa, Juha
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kukko, Antero;Hyyppa, Juha
机载激光雷达系统已广泛应用于摄影测量和测绘科学。在本文中，高品质的仿真方法和小足迹激光雷达处理的方法，提出和讨论，验证树高估计，并演示了扫描几何效应分析和移动的地图。实现的仿真方法结合了空间和辐射分量，以产生逼真的波形和点云数据，用于系统性能分析和激光雷达数据处理和映射目的的算法开发。仿真器产生的波形数据表明，这种方法在系统和数据验证的可能性。由于目前相关的经验数据尚不足以进行有效的研究和开发，因此需要利用模拟波形数据，与人工林模型参考数据相比，TopEye Mk R扫描仪的模拟模型的树位精度为15 cm，树高低估0.33 in。物体表面上的光相互作用和扫描系统的特性的建模提供了一个机会，以模拟激光数据采集的良好定义的对象在受控条件下。通过消除不同来源的错误逐案，我们con提高知识获得仅仅从实验studies.Data验证扫描几何模拟curried了通过比较模拟的第一个回波数据的环境模型，并分别从一个独立的TopoSys II飞行带，不用于环境模型计算的第一个回波数据。平均差异表明，模拟器稍微高估了对象海拔。真实的TopoSys点云和环境模型之间的偏差比模拟的Optech和TopoSys数据集的偏差大2到3倍。我们相信，所开发的模拟和建模对于确定任何当前测绘任务的最合理的飞行参数集，对于分析重复的失败者调查的变化检测可能性，以及对于研究和验证未来，激光雷达系统和概念。然而，这需要对系统进行高质量的建模，并对失败者光束与物体之间的相互作用有广泛的了解，这应该在未来几年得到进一步的发展。
Airborne lidor systems have come to be extensively used in photogrammetry and mapping sciences. In this paper, a high-quality simulation approach and methods of small-footprint lidar processing are presented and discussed, validated for tree height estimation, and demonstrated for scanning geometry effects analysis and mobile mapping. The simulation method implemented combines both spatial and radiometric components to produce realistic waveform and point cloud data for system performance analysis and for algorithm development for lidar data processing and mapping purposes. Waveform data generated by the simulator were shown to demonstrate the possibilities of such on approach in system and data verification. As the related empirical data are insufficient for effective research and exploitation in mapping purposes at the moment, the simulated waveform data are needed.A tree location accuracy of 15 cm and tree height underestimation of 0.33 in was found using the Simulation model for the TopEye Mk R loser scanner, compared to the artificial forest model reference data. Modeling of light interaction on object surfaces and characteristics of scanning systems provide an opportunity to simulate laser data acquisition of well-defined objects under controlled conditions. By eliminating different sources of error case-by-case, we con improve the knowledge obtained merely from the experimental studies.Data validation in the scanning geometry simulations was curried out by comparing the simulated first echo data to the environment model and, separately, to the first echo data from an independent TopoSys II flight strip that was not used for the environment model Computation. The mean differences reveal that the simulator slightly overestimates the object elevations. Deviation between the real TopoSys point cloud and the environmental model was 2 to 3 times larger than that obtained for the simulated Optech and TopoSys data sets.We believe that the developed simulation and modeling is an efficient too] for determining the most reasonable set of flight parameters for any current mapping task, for analyzing change detection possibilities of repeated loser surveys, and for studying and verifying future, lidar systems and concepts. However, this requires high-quality modeling of the system and extensive knowledge of the interaction between the loser beam and the object, which should be further developed in the coming years.