Identification and Characterization of Zebrafish Tlr4 Coreceptor Md-2.

Identification and Characterization of Zebrafish Tlr4 Coreceptor Md-2.
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DOI:
10.4049/jimmunol.1901288
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发表时间:
2021-03-01
期刊:
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Harms MJ
Harms MJ
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Loes AN;Hinman MN;Farnsworth DR;Miller AC;Guillemin K;Harms MJ

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斑马鱼(Danio rerio)是研究先天免疫系统的强大模型生物。人类和斑马鱼先天免疫之间的一个明显区别是 LPS 传感的细胞机制。在羊膜动物中,Toll 样受体 4 和骨髓分化因子 2 (Tlr4/Md-2) 形成的蛋白质复合物可识别细菌分子脂多糖 (LPS) 并引发炎症反应。据信,斑马鱼既没有 Md-2,也没有 Tlr4:在羊膜动物之外尚未发现 Md-2,而斑马鱼 tlr4 基因似乎是羊膜动物 TLR4 的旁系同源基因,而不是直系同源基因。我们重新审视了这些结论。我们鉴定了斑马鱼编码 Md-2 的基因 ly96。使用单细胞 RNA 测序,我们发现 ly96 在细胞中转录,这些细胞也转录诊断先天免疫细胞的基因,包括斑马鱼 tlr4 样基因。在斑马鱼幼体中,ly96 在少量巨噬细胞样细胞中表达。在功能测定中,斑马鱼 Md-2 和 Tlr4ba 形成复合物,响应 LPS 激活 NF-κB 信号传导。在斑马鱼幼鱼中,ly96 功能丧失突变扰乱了 LPS 诱导的细胞因子产生,但对 LPS 毒性几乎没有保护作用。最后,通过分析 11 种有颌脊椎动物中 tlr4 基因的基因组背景,我们发现 tlr4 出现在硬骨鱼和四足动物分化之前。因此,LPS敏感的Tlr4/Md-2复合物很可能是哺乳动物和斑马鱼共有的祖先特征,而不是四足动物谱系的从头发明。我们假设斑马鱼保留了祖先的低敏感性 Tlr4/Md-2 复合物,该复合物赋予先天免疫细胞的特定子集 LPS 反应性。
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism for studies of the innate immune system. One apparent difference between human and zebrafish innate immunity is the cellular machinery for LPS sensing. In amniotes, the protein complex formed by Toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 2 (Tlr4/Md-2) recognizes the bacterial molecule lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and triggers an inflammatory response. It is believed that zebrafish have neither Md-2 nor Tlr4: Md-2 has not been identified outside of amniotes, while the zebrafish tlr4 genes appear to be paralogs, not orthologs, of amniote TLR4s. We revisited these conclusions. We identified a zebrafish gene encoding Md-2, ly96. Using single-cell RNA-Seq, we found that ly96 is transcribed in cells that also transcribe genes diagnostic for innate immune cells, including the zebrafish tlr4-like genes. In larval zebrafish, ly96 is expressed in a small number of macrophage-like cells. In a functional assay, zebrafish Md-2 and Tlr4ba form a complex that activates NF-κB signaling in response to LPS. In larval zebrafish ly96 loss-of-function mutations perturbed LPS-induced cytokine production but gave little protection against LPS toxicity. Finally, by analyzing the genomic context of tlr4 genes in eleven jawed vertebrates, we found that tlr4 arose prior to the divergence of teleosts and tetrapods. Thus, an LPS-sensitive Tlr4/Md-2 complex is likely an ancestral feature shared by mammals and zebrafish, rather than a de novo invention on the tetrapod lineage. We hypothesize that zebrafish retain an ancestral, low-sensitivity Tlr4/Md-2 complex that confers LPS-responsiveness to a specific subset of innate immune cells.
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