Reticular formation of the albino rat's brain stem cytoarchitecture and corticofugal connections
Reticular formation of the albino rat's brain stem cytoarchitecture and corticofugal connections
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白化大鼠脑干细胞结构的网状形成和皮质连接
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发表时间：
1962
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通讯作者：
F. Valverde
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作者：
F. Valverde
近年来，脑干的网状结构已通过实验方法得到了深入的研究。通过这些方法获得的数据显示从脊髓、小脑、中脑顶盖和大脑皮质到网状结构的传入连接。在人类材料和实验动物中已经描述了脑干网状结构的离皮质纤维。然而，关于这些纤维的终止仍然存在相当大的不确定性。根据Rossi和Brodal（'56）在猫中的研究，来自不同皮质区的纤维的末端区域是相同的，即网状核和脑桥尾侧核。另一方面，Kuypers（'58 a）在猫中发现了脑干网状结构的皮质投射，包括楔状核和薄束核的腹侧和门部深处的区域、从锥体交叉水平延伸到峡部的被盖的外侧部分、延髓的内侧被盖区和脑桥的被盖，尤其是在同侧。有证据表明，皮质网状投射主要起源于海姆球的吻侧部分，包括运动皮质（Kuypers，'58 a）。虽然大脑的基底区以及内侧表面和颞叶和枕叶的部分也有助于皮质-网状投射（Rossi和Brodal，'56），但没有尝试确定不同的皮质区是否投射到不同的网状核。几个研究者发现离皮质纤维终止于颅神经的运动核（参考文献见Walberg，'57），但实际上所有这些研究都使用了Marchi方法。这种方法不适合于显示它们是否是直接的皮质核投射。当在猫的广泛皮质消融后使用Glees（'46）和Nauta和Gygax（' 54）的银浸渍方法时，颅神经的运动核没有显示出终末变性的迹象。另一方面，Kuypers（'58 b，' 58 c，'60）在猴子和黑猩猩（' 58 b，'60）以及人类（' 58 c）中发现了直接的皮质-核投射。Cajal（'09）指出，在大鼠和小鼠中，这种连接在他的高尔基体材料中永远无法观察到。本工作试图在大鼠中研究以下问题：1.纤维从哪个皮质区下行到脑干网状结构？2.不同的网状核接受不同的皮质投射吗？3.脑神经的运动核接受离皮质纤维吗？在连续尼氏染色切片的基础上，人和其他动物的网状结构被细分为一系列的核。由于没有详细的地图，脑干已在大鼠中，我建议描述网状核，以提供一个地形图的参考，在本工作中发现的皮质网状投射。正如Kuypers（'58 d）所述，我们实际上正处于神经解剖学新时代的开始，其特征是使用高尔基体方法，像Kuypers一样，我相信Nauta染色和高尔基体方法的结合最终将使我们能够分析连接-
In recent years the reticular formation of the brain stem has been intensively studied by experimental methods. The data obtained by these methods show afferent connections to the reticular formation from the spinal cord, cerebellum, tectum of the midbrain and cerebral cortex. Corticofugal fibers to the brain stem reticular formation have been described in human material and in experimental animals. Nevertheless, there still exists considerable uncertainty concerning the termination of these fibers. According to Rossi and Brodal ('56) in the cat the terminal regions of fibers from different cortical areas are identical, namely the nuclei reticularis gigantocellulark and pontis caudalis. On the other hand Kuypers ('58a) found in the cat cortical projections to the brain stem reticular formation comprising the region ventral to and in the depth of the hilus of the nuclei cuneatus and gracilis, the lateral parts of the tegmentum, extending from the level of the pyramidal decussation up to the isthmus, the medial tegmenlal region of the medulla oblongata and the tegmentum of the pons, especially on the ipsilateral side. Evidence was obtained that the corticoreticular projection originates mainly in the rostral parts of the heimsphere, including the motor cortex (Kuypers, '58a). Although the basal areas of the brain, as well as parts of the medial surface and temporal and occipital lobes also contribute to the cortico-reticular projection (Rossi and Brodal, '56) no attempt has been made to determine whether different cortical areas project to the different reticular nuclei. Several investigators found that corticofugal fibers terminate in the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves (for references see Walberg, '57) but in practically all these studies the Marchi method has been used. This method is not one well suited to show whether or not they are a direct corticonuclear projection. When the silver impregnation methods of Glees ('46) and Nauta and Gygax ('54) are used after extensive cortical ablations in the cat the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves show no signs of terminal degeneration. On the other hand Kuypers ('58b, '58c, '60) found in the monkey and chimpanzee ('58b, '60) and in human material ('58c) a direct cortico-nuclear projection. Cajal ('09) stated that in the rat and mouse such connections could never be observed in his Golgi material. The present work represents an attempt to invesitgate the following questions in the rat: 1. From which cortical areas do fibers descend to the brain stem reticular formation? 2. Do the different reticular nuclei receive different cortical projections? 3. Do the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves receive corticofugal fibers? On the basis of serial Nissl-stained sections the reticular formation has been subdivided into a series of nuclei in man and other animals. As no detailed mapping of the brain stem has been made in the rat I propose to describe the reticular nuclei in order to provide a topographical reference for the cortico-reticular projection found in the present work. As Kuypers ('58d) stated we are actually at the beginning of a new era in neuroanatomy characterized by the use of the Golgi method and like Kuypers I believe that the combination of the Nauta stain and the Golgi method will finally enable us to analyze the connec-