Low-latitude Aurorae during the Extreme Space Weather Events in 1859
Low-latitude Aurorae during the Extreme Space Weather Events in 1859
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DOI：
10.3847/1538-4357/aae47c
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发表时间：
2018-11
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
H. Hayakawa;Y. Ebihara;David Hand;Satoshi Hayakawa;Sandeep Kumar;S. Mukherjee;B.Veenadhari
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
H. Hayakawa;Y. Ebihara;David Hand;Satoshi Hayakawa;Sandeep Kumar;S. Mukherjee;B.Veenadhari
卡林顿风暴（1859年9月1/2日）是迄今为止观测到的最大的磁暴之一，它在1859年8月28日至9月4日期间引起了全球低纬度地区的极光现象，以及一系列多重磁暴。在这项研究中，我们回顾了当代的极光观测记录，提取了它们的仰角、颜色和方向信息，以详细研究这一风暴间隔。我们首先根据仰角和颜色的描述，研究了“多色极光发射”的赤道边界。我们发现他们的位置是36。°5 ILAT， 8月28/29和32日。这表明被捕获的电子至少分别移动到L ~ 1.55和L ~ 1.41。“纯红色辐射”的赤道边界可能位于30度。9月1/2日。如果“纯红色发射”是一个稳定的极光红色弧，这将表明被捕获的质子至少移动到L ~ 1.36。这种结合观测到的极光发射区域的重建提供了对磁暴强度的保守估计。我们将极光记录与地磁观测进行比较。我们证实在这一风暴期间发生了多次磁暴，并且极光椭圆向赤道方向的扩张与磁扰动的时间一致。8月28日至29日的行星际日冕物质抛射（ICMEs）可能清除了行星际介质，使9月1日卡灵顿风暴的ICME更具地球效应。
The Carrington storm (1859 September 1/2) is one of the largest magnetic storms ever observed, and it caused global auroral displays in low-latitude areas, together with a series of multiple magnetic storms from 1859 August 28 to September 4. In this study, we revisit contemporary auroral observation records to extract information on their elevation angle, color, and direction to investigate this stormy interval in detail. We first examine the equatorward boundary of the “auroral emission with multiple colors” based on descriptions of elevation angle and color. We find that their locations were 36.°5 ILAT on August 28/29 and 32.°7 ILAT on September 1/2, suggesting that trapped electrons moved to, at least, L ∼ 1.55 and L ∼ 1.41, respectively. The equatorward boundary of “purely red emission” was likely located at 30.°8 ILAT on September 1/2. If the “purely red emission” was a stable auroral red arc, it would suggest that trapped protons moved to, at least, L ∼ 1.36. This reconstruction with observed auroral emission regions provides conservative estimations of magnetic storm intensities. We compare the auroral records with magnetic observations. We confirm that multiple magnetic storms occurred during this stormy interval, and that the equatorward expansion of the auroral oval is consistent with the timing of magnetic disturbances. It is possible that the August 28/29 interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) cleared out the interplanetary medium, making the ICME for the Carrington storm on September 1/2 more geoeffective.