The rise in climate change-induced federal fishery disasters in the United States.
The rise in climate change-induced federal fishery disasters in the United States.
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作者：
Bellquist L;Saccomanno V;Semmens BX;Gleason M;Wilson J
商业、娱乐和土著渔业对美国沿海经济和社区至关重要。三十多年来，联邦政府通过联邦声明正式承认渔业灾害的影响。尽管有这些影响，但缺乏对渔业灾害的动态、影响和原因的国家综合研究。我们开发了一个全国性的联邦渔业灾害数据库，使用国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）的渔业灾害申报和渔业收入数据。从1989年到2020年，共有71起联邦批准的渔业灾害（11起正在等待），这些灾害跨越了该国的每个联邦渔业管理区和沿海州。到目前为止，我们估计渔业灾害导致国会拨款20亿美元（2019年美元），另外保守估计直接收入损失32亿美元（2019年美元）。尽管影响如此之大，但救灾援助过程在很大程度上是临时性的，缺乏足够的细节来适当评估分配的公平性和效益。尽管如此，渔业灾害的频率随着时间的推移而增加，灾害的原因包括广泛的人为和环境因素，最近的转变是灾害现在几乎完全由极端环境事件（例如，海洋热浪、飓风和有害藻华）。在全国范围内，84.5%的渔业灾害部分或全部归因于极端环境事件。随着气候变化导致此类极端事件发生率上升，以及自然灾害援助请求达到历史最高水平，渔业灾害申报和减灾的联邦系统必须发展，以有效保护渔业可持续性和社会效益。
Commercial, recreational, and indigenous fisheries are critical to coastal economies and communities in the United States. For over three decades, the federal government has formally recognized the impact of fishery disasters via federal declarations. Despite these impacts, national syntheses of the dynamics, impacts, and causes of fishery disasters are lacking. We developed a nationwide Federal Fishery Disaster database using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) fishery disaster declarations and fishery revenue data. From 1989-2020, there were 71 federally approved fishery disasters (eleven are pending), which spanned every federal fisheries management region and coastal state in the country. To date, we estimate fishery disasters resulted in $2B (2019 USD) in Congressional allocations, and an additional, conservative estimate of $3.2B (2019 USD) in direct revenue loss. Despite this scale of impact, the disaster assistance process is largely ad hoc and lacks sufficient detail to properly assess allocation fairness and benefit. Nonetheless, fishery disasters increased in frequency over time, and the causes of disasters included a broad range of anthropogenic and environmental factors, with a recent shift to disasters now almost exclusively caused by extreme environmental events (e.g., marine heatwaves, hurricanes, and harmful algal blooms). Nationwide, 84.5% of fishery disasters were either partially or entirely attributed to extreme environmental events. As climate change drives higher rates of such extreme events, and as natural disaster assistance requests reach an all-time high, the federal system for fisheries disaster declaration and mitigation must evolve in order to effectively protect both fisheries sustainability and societal benefit.