Birds of the Indian Subcontinent
Birds of the Indian Subcontinent
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发表时间：
1998-11
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通讯作者：
R. Grimmett;C. Inskipp
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文献类型：
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作者：
R. Grimmett;C. Inskipp
观鸟人。萨利姆·阿里和S·狄龙·里普利的经典著作《印度和巴基斯坦的鸟类手册》涵盖了整个地区，于1968-1975年首次出版，列出了1,200多个物种。根据E.C.Dickinson(2003)编辑的Howard和Moore编写的《世界鸟类名录》中更新的命名，加上更多的记录，目前该次大陆的鸟类总数为1,375种，占世界鸟类总数的13%。另一个相关的参考文献是Pamela Rasmussen和John Anderton的《南亚鸟类：里普利指南》，该指南采用了更窄的物种限制，因此，最新版本(2012年)承认了该地区的1451种。请注意，在整个北美发现的物种不到800种。印度次大陆物种丰富，部分原因是它的海拔范围很广，从海平面一直延伸到世界上最高的山脉喜马拉雅山脉的顶峰。另一个原因是该地区高度多样化的气候和相关的多样化植被。从几乎没有雨水的大印度或塔尔沙漠(气温超过55摄氏度)到阿萨姆山潮湿的常绿森林--地球上最潮湿的地方之一--切尔拉彭吉的年降雨量达到1300厘米，以及喜马拉雅山脉的北极条件，只有高山花朵和垫状植物在海拔4900米以上盛开。导致南亚次大陆物种丰富的另一个主要因素是它位于三个生物地理省份--印度-马来亚(南亚和东南亚)、古北区(欧洲和北亚)和非洲热带(非洲)之间的重叠区域。结果，所有这三个领域的典型物种都出现了。大多数物种是印度-马来亚物种，例如ioras和小型兽医；一些是古北区物种，包括口音，少数物种，如斑点爬行动物Salporennis spilonotus，起源于非洲。新物种不断被添加到该地区的名单中。例如，J.K.Tiwari最近在古吉拉特邦发现了一群苍白的岩雀Carpospiza brachydactyla，这是一种以前只在中东记录过的鸟类。更令人兴奋的是，2006年，拉马纳·阿特里亚首次为科学描述了来自阿鲁纳恰尔邦喜马拉雅森林的多色布贡。来自次大陆的两个物种现在可能已经灭绝。原产于印度东北部、孟加拉国、尼泊尔和缅甸的象草丛林中的池塘和沼泽中的红头鸭。人们最后一次明确看到它是在1935年的比哈尔邦，但最近有更多来自缅甸猎人的未经证实的报告。喜马拉雅的萨利姆·阿里博士
birdwatcher. The classic Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan by Salim Ali and S Dillon Ripley, which covers the whole region and was first published in 1968-1975, lists over 1,200 species. With additional recording and following the more up-to-date nomenclature in the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of Birds of the World edited by E. C. Dickinson (2003) the current species total for the subcontinent stands at 1,375 species – 13 per cent of the world’s birds. A further relevant reference is Birds of South Asia: the Ripley Guide by Pamela Rasmussen and John Anderton, which has adopted much narrower species limits and, consequently, the latest edition (2012) recognises 1451 species in the region. Note that less than 800 species are found in all of North America. The Indian subcontinent is species-rich partly because of its wide altitudinal range extending from sea level up to the summit of the Himalayas, the world’s highest mountains. Another reason is the region’s highly varied climate and associated diverse vegetation. The extremes range from the almost rainless Great Indian or Thar Desert, where temperatures reach over 55°C, to the wet evergreen forests of the Assam Hills where 1,300 cm of rain a year have bee recorded at Cherrapunji – one of the wettest places on Earth, and the Arctic conditions of the Himalayan peaks where only alpine flowers and cushion plants flourish at over 4,900 m. The other major factor contributing to the subcontinent’s species-richness is its geographical position in a region of overlap between three biogeographic provinces – the Indo-malayan (South and South-East Asia), Palearctic (Europe and Northern Asia), and Afro-tropical (Africa) realms. As a result, species typical of all three realms occur. Most species are Indo-malayan, for example the ioras and minivets; some are Palearctic, including the accentors, and a small number, such as the Spotted Creeper Salpornis spilonotus, originate in Africa. New species are continually being added to the region’s list. For example, J. K. Tiwari recently found a flock of Pale Rockfinches Carpospiza brachydactyla in Gujarat a bird previously recorded only in the Middle East. Even more exciting, in 2006 Ramana Athreya first described for science the multi-coloured Bugun Liocichla Liocichla bugunorum, from the Himalayan forests of Arunachal Pradesh. Two species from the subcontinent are probably now extinct. The Pinkheaded Duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea was formerly locally distributed in pools and swamps in the elephant grass jungles of north-eastern India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar. It was last definitely seen in Bihar in 1935, but there are more recent unconfirmed reports from hunters in Myanmar. The Himalayan Dr. Salim Ali