Response requirements as constraints on output.
Response requirements as constraints on output.
复制标题
响应要求作为输出的约束。
DOI：
10.1901/jeab.1979.32-29
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发表时间：
1979
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Irvin B. Buchman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Zeiler;Irvin B. Buchman
两个实验研究了增加的响应需求如何影响固定间隔调度性能。实验1为串联固定间隔固定比例表，实验2为串联固定间隔固定比例表。在这两种情况下，鸽子的输出（定义为总体反应率或间隔期间的反应）都随着比例的提高先增加后减少。在比例要求较小的情况下，及时补强次数基本不变或略有下降。随着配筋率的增大，配筋频率逐渐减小。讨论了不同的解释。第一种是强化理论，即响应强度是响应要求和强化频率的递增单调函数，双元输出函数表示交互效应。响应要求的增加伴随着增强频率的微小变化，增加了输出，但进一步增加导致增强频率的足够大的减少，从而降低了输出。第二种解释并不认为强化是一个基本的过程，而是源于经济和保护的概念。生物在不同的选择中分配自己的行为，以使价值最大化，其中价值是在特定时间表所施加的一系列限制下，在给定情况下可能发生的反应的函数。该理论的一种形式明确地预测，在简单的比率表中，输出是比率要求的双音函数。然而，尚不清楚该模型是否可以解释目前涉及关节比和间隔时间限制的影响。
Two experiments studied how added response requirements affected fixed-interval schedule performance. Experiment 1 involved tandem fixed-interval fixed-ratio schedules, and Experiment 2 studied conjunctive fixed-interval fixed-ratio schedules. In both, pigeons' output, defined as overall response rate or as responses during the interval, first increased and then decreased as the ratio was raised. With small ratio requirements, the frequency of reinforcement in time either did not change or decreased slightly. With progressively larger ratios, reinforcement frequency decreased consistently. Alternative explanations were discussed. The first, a reinforcement theory account, was that response strength is an increasing monotonic function of both the response requirement and reinforcement frequency, and the bitonic output function represents interacting effects. Increases in the response requirement accompanied by small changes in reinforcement frequency enhance output, but further increases result in large enough decrements in reinforcement frequency so that output is lowered. The second explanation does not view reinforcement as a basic process but, instead, derives from concepts of economics and conservation. Organisms allocate their behavior among alternatives so as to maximize value, where value is a function of the responses that can occur in a given situation under the set of restrictions imposed by particular schedules. One form of this theory explicitly predicts that output is a bitonic function of ratio requirements in simple ratio schedules. However, it was not clear that this model could explain the present effects involving joint ratio and interval schedule restrictions.