Phospholipids in animal eukaryotic membranes: transverse asymmetry and movement.
Phospholipids in animal eukaryotic membranes: transverse asymmetry and movement.
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DOI：
10.1042/bj2940001
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发表时间：
1993-08
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Zachowski
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Zachowski
在所有膜中发现的归因于脂质双层的功能多年来一直在变化。它是细胞外空间和细胞质（质膜）之间或细胞质和细胞器内介质（内膜）之间的屏障。它主要是严格亲水性溶质的屏障，因为双层核心基本上是疏水性的。另一方面，脂质相是蛋白质的溶剂，所述蛋白质促进邻接膜的两个隔室（载体和转运体）之间的亲水性溶质交换，或识别外部信号（受体）。这些都是相当被动的角色，似乎几乎任何脂质分子都可以实现这一功能。最近，膜脂已被视为发挥积极的作用，作为一个特定的分子种类的特定细胞的要求已经建立。这方面的一个典型例子是，在激素刺激后，特定磷脂酶利用磷酸肌醇以及磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酰乙醇胺产生第二信使（如甘油二酯和花生四烯酸）。有关此主题的文献丰富，下文将不再赘述。一些磷脂对某些酶的活性也至关重要，例如细胞质中的蛋白激酶C或循环细胞外表面的凝血酶原酶。最近的研究表明，在巨噬细胞表面存在磷脂酰丝氨酸受体，
The function attributed to the lipid bilayer, found in all membranes, has varied over the years. It is a barrier between the extracellular space and the cytoplasm (plasma membrane) or between the cytoplasm and the intra-organelle medium (internal membranes). It is a barrier primarily for strict hydrophilic solutes since the bilayer core is essentially hydrophobic. On the other hand, the lipid phase is a solvent for the proteins required to promote the exchange of hydrophilic solutes between the two compartments adjoining the membrane (carriers and transporters), or to recognize external signals (receptors). These are rather passive roles and it seems that almost any lipid molecule could fulfil this function. More recently, membrane lipids have been seen to play an active role, as a specificity of certain molecular species for given cellular requirements has been established. A typical example of this is the utilization by specific phospholipases of phosphoinositides, but also of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, to produce second messengers (such as diacylglycerol and arachidonic acid) following hormonal stimulus. An abundant literature exists concerning this topic and it will not be developed below. Some phospholipids are also crucial for the activity of certain enzymes, such as protein kinase C in the cytoplasm or prothrombinase at the outer surface of circulating cells. Recent studies have shown that, at the macrophage surface, phosphatidylserine receptors exist which