La doctrina de la Drittwirkung der Grundrechte en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos
La doctrina de la Drittwirkung der Grundrechte en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos
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美洲人权法学基本权利学说
DOI：
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发表时间：
2007
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Javier Mijangos y González
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Javier Mijangos y González
通过对该地区过去20年的判例进行研究，可以看出，美洲人权委员会已经构建了一套关于基本权利在拉丁美洲个人关系中的适用性的完整理论。通过这一理论，它解决了当代拉丁美洲历史上最重要的社会问题，从而为该地区许多国家向民主过渡做出了贡献。本研究将分析CIDH的判例所经历的阶段，这些阶段导致该组织目前使用的标准。第一阶段包括一系列裁决，其共同点是分析《美洲人权公约》第1.1条所列国家尊重和警惕基本权利的义务。这一原则在美洲人权法院的判例中一直存在，它使美洲人权法院采取了类似于美国国家行动理论所建议的办法，因为它利用了美国最高法院在1960年至1980年期间作出的大量裁决。在第二阶段，原先重视确定侵犯基本权利行为人的特征，现在则采取一系列办法，重点是实际侵犯行为本身的性质。在这一阶段，美洲人权法院确立了这样一种观念，即《公约》所列的基本权利是普遍适用的义务，不仅适用于国家权力，而且适用于第三方个人的行动。最后，法院判例演变的第三阶段体现在与此问题最相关的案件中：墨西哥合众国就移民的法律的地位提出的第18/03号咨询意见。这项决议确立了迄今为止的一种趋势，明确规定了基本权利在个人关系中的直接效力。
Through a study of the jurisprudence of the region over the last twenty years, it becomes possible to see that the CIDH has constructed an entire theory about the applicability of fundamental rights in relations between individuals in Latin America. Through this theory it has addressed the most important social problems in contemporary Latin American history, thus contributing to the transition to democracy for many countries in the region. The study will analyze the stages that the jurisprudence of the CIDH has passed through and which have led to the current criteria that this organization uses. The first stage consists of a series of rulings whose common denominator is the analysis of the obligation of respect and vigilance for fundamental rights by the states listed in article 1.1 of the American Convention on Human Rights. This principle, which is ever-present in its jurisprudence, brings the Inter-American Court to approaches that are similar to those proposed by the United States doctrine of state action, as it makes use of a good number of rulings made by the Supreme Court of the United States between 1960 and 1980. In the second stage, the importance originally placed on determining the characteristics of the agent who committed the violation of fundamental rights is replaced by a series of approaches in which the nature of the actual violation itself becomes the focus. In this phase, the Inter-American Court establishes the idea that the fundamental rights listed in the Convention are erga omnes obligations that are imposed not only in relation to the power of the State but also with respect to the actions of third-party individuals. Finally, the third stage in the evolution of the court’s jurisprudence is represented by the most pertinent case in this matter: Opinion Consultiva 18/03, requested by the United Mexican States regarding the legal status of immigrants. This resolution, which has established a trend up until today, definitively establishes the direct effectiveness of the fundamental rights in relations between individuals.