Molybdoproteomes and evolution of molybdenum utilization.
Molybdoproteomes and evolution of molybdenum utilization.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jmb.2008.03.051
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发表时间：
2008-06
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
Yan Zhang;V. Gladyshev
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Yan Zhang;V. Gladyshev
微量元素钼 (Mo) 在许多生命形式中被利用，它是参与氮、硫和碳代谢的多种酶的关键成分。除固氮酶外，Mo 在蛋白质中与蝶呤结合，从而在钼酶的催化位点形成钼辅因子 (Moco)。尽管许多钼酶在结构和功能上得到了很好的表征，但钼利用的进化分析仍然有限。在这里，我们进行了比较基因组和系统发育分析，以在（i）钼转运和Moco利用特征和（ii）钼依赖性酶水平上检查细菌、古细菌和真核生物中钼利用的发生和进化。我们的结果表明，大多数原核生物和所有高等真核生物利用钼，而许多单细胞真核生物，包括寄生虫和大多数酵母失去了使用这种金属的能力。此外，真核生物比原核生物具有更少的钼酶家族。二甲亚砜还原酶（DMSOR）和亚硫酸盐氧化酶（SO）家族分别是原核生物和真核生物中最广泛使用的钼酶。 ModABC 运输系统的一个遥远群体被预测存在于超嗜热古细菌 Pyrobaculum 中。 Mo 吸收的 ModE 型调节发生在不到 30% 的 Moco 利用生物体中。还鉴定了原核生物中 Mo 和硒代半胱氨酸利用之间的联系，其中硒代半胱氨酸性状很大程度上是 Mo 性状的子集，可能是由于甲酸脱氢酶（一种含 Mo 和硒的蛋白质）所致。最后，对依赖或不依赖 Mo 的环境条件和生物体的分析表明，宿主相关生物体和 G+C 含量低的生物体往往会降低其 Mo 利用率。总体而言，我们的数据为钼的利用提供了新的见解，并表明其广泛存在，但在生命的所有三个领域的个体生物体中，这种金属的使用有限。
The trace element molybdenum (Mo) is utilized in many life forms, and it is a key component of several enzymes involved in nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon metabolism. With the exception of nitrogenase, Mo is bound in proteins to a pterin, thus forming the molybdenum cofactor (Moco) at the catalytic sites of molybdoenzymes. Although a number of molybdoenzymes are well characterized structurally and functionally, evolutionary analyses of Mo utilization are limited. Here, we carried out comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses to examine the occurrence and evolution of Mo utilization in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes at the level of (i) Mo transport and Moco utilization trait, and (ii) Mo-dependent enzymes. Our results revealed that most prokaryotes and all higher eukaryotes utilize Mo whereas many unicellular eukaryotes including parasites and most yeasts lost the ability to use this metal. In addition, eukaryotes have fewer molybdoenzyme families than prokaryotes. Dimethylsulfoxide reductase (DMSOR) and sulfite oxidase (SO) families were the most widespread molybdoenzymes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, respectively. A distant group of the ModABC transport system, was predicted in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum. ModE-type regulation of Mo uptake occurred in less than 30% of Moco-utilizing organisms. A link between Mo and selenocysteine utilization in prokaryotes was also identified wherein the selenocysteine trait was largely a subset of the Mo trait, presumably due to formate dehydrogenase, a Mo- and selenium-containing protein. Finally, analysis of environmental conditions and organisms that do or do not depend on Mo revealed that host-associated organisms and organisms with low G+C content tend to reduce their Mo utilization. Overall, our data provide new insights into Mo utilization and show its wide occurrence, yet limited use of this metal in individual organisms in all three domains of life.