H/He demixing and the cooling behavior of Saturn

H/He demixing and the cooling behavior of Saturn
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H/He 分层和土星的冷却行为

DOI:
10.1016/j.icarus.2015.12.009
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发表时间:
2016
期刊:
影响因子:
3.2
通讯作者:
Redmer R.
Redmer R.
中科院分区:
物理与天体物理2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Püstow R;Nettelmann N;Lorenzen W;Redmer R.

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描述太阳系巨行星的内部结构和演化仍然是一个严峻的挑战。最突出的例子是土星,其简单的均匀演化模型得出的年龄在20亿到30亿年之间(Gyr),即比太阳系的年龄τ = 4.56 Gyr要短得多。长期以来,人们一直认为H/He的分离可能发生在土星内部,当行星充分冷却后。这一事件将标志着一个不均匀演化时期的开始,在这个时期,氦滴下沉并积累在行星核心上方。引力能的相应释放有助于行星的内在光度,从而延长其冷却时间,也许朝着正确的值。这种情况已经在过去研究的基础上,而近似假设的氢-氦相图。最近,各种从头计算模拟已经揭示了H-He相图的细节,但也揭示了剩余的不确定性(Morales,MA等人,2009)。[2009年]。美国国家科学院学报Sci. USA 106,1324; Morales,MA等[2013年a]。物理评论B 87,174105; Lorenzen,W.等人[2011年]。Phys. Rev. B 84,235109)。在本文中,我们使用Lorenzen等人的新预测及其修改来研究土星的非均匀演化周期,以及H/He相分离开始的时间ts,冷却时间τ和大气氦丰度y1。对于行星内部的非均匀演化过程中,我们假设绝热,对流信封。我们发现t s= 1 Gyr,τ= 5.8 Gyr,y 1= 0.18,而对于Morales等人的数据,t s = 2 Gyr,我们还估计τ = 5.1 Gyr。另一方面,对于Lorenzen等人的相图分别移动− 1300 K和+ 500 K,得到了合理的冷却时间τ τ,得到y 1= 0.22和y 1= 0.06。更精确的H-He相图知识是理解冷气体巨行星的必要条件。我们的结果表明,与Lorenzen等人的预测相比,H-He相界发生在略高的压力(Δ p = 1 Mbar)和更高的温度下,通过未来的实验室实验进行测试,例如使用LH-DAC。然而,除了H-He相图的不确定性之外,核心侵蚀和非对流热传输等进一步的影响可能会强烈影响行星的结构和演化。这些功能可能会导致我们的假设绝热信封的修订,并在未来的工作中得到解决。
The description of the interior structure and evolution of the Solar System giant planets continues to be a serious challenge. The most prominent example is Saturn for which simple homogeneous evolution models yield ages between 2 and 3 billion years (Gyr), ie much shorter than the age of the Solar System of τ⊙= 4.56 Gyr. It has long been suggested that H/He demixing might occur in the interior of Saturn after the planet has cooled off sufficiently. This incident would mark the begin of an inhomogeneous evolution period in which He droplets sink down and accumulate above the planetary core. The corresponding release of gravitational energy contributes to the intrinsic luminosity of the planet, thereby prolonging its cooling time, perhaps towards the correct value. Such scenarios have been studied in the past on the basis of rather approximate assumptions for the H–He phase diagram. Recently, various ab initio simulations have revealed details of the H–He phase diagram but also of remaining uncertainties (Morales, MA et al.[2009]. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 1324; Morales, MA et al.[2013a]. Phys. Rev. B 87, 174105; Lorenzen, W. et al.[2011]. Phys. Rev. B 84, 235109). In this paper we use the new predictions by Lorenzen et al. and modifications thereof to study the inhomogeneous evolution period of Saturn, with resulting values for the onset of H/He phase separation t s, the cooling time τ, and the atmospheric helium abundance y 1. For the planetary interior during the inhomogeneous evolution we assume adiabatic, convective envelopes. We find t s= 1 Gyr, τ= 5.8 Gyr, and y 1= 0.18, while t s≊ 2 Gyr for the Morales et al. data, for which we also estimate τ≈ 5.1 Gyr. On the other hand, reasonable cooling times τ≈ τ⊙ are obtained for shifts of the Lorenzen et al. phase diagram by respectively− 1300 K and+ 500 K, yielding y 1= 0.22 and y 1= 0.06. More accurate knowledge of H–He phase diagram is necessary to understand cool gas giant planets. Our results indicate the H–He phase boundaries to occur at slightly higher pressures of Δ p≲ 1 Mbar and higher temperatures compared to the predictions by Lorenzen et al., to be tested by future laboratory experiments, for instance by using LH-DACs. However, in addition to the uncertainty of the H–He phase diagram, further effects such as core erosion and non-convective heat transport might strongly influence the planetary structure and evolution. These features may lead to a revision of our assumption of adiabatic envelopes and have to be addressed in future work.
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