Long-term effects of radiation exposure on health
Long-term effects of radiation exposure on health
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61167-9
复制
发表时间：
2015-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
168.9
通讯作者：
Wakeford, Richard
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kamiya, Kenji;Ozasa, Kotaro;Wakeford, Richard
长期、大规模的流行病学研究已经确定了暴露于电离辐射对人体的迟发性影响。日本广岛和长崎原子弹爆炸幸存者的队列研究(寿命研究)被认为是关于这些健康影响的最可靠的信息来源，因为队列的规模、不同性别和所有年龄的一般人口的暴露，以及个人评估剂量的广泛范围。因此，寿命研究已成为国际放射防护委员会和其他机构辐射防护系统风险评估的基础。辐射暴露会增加一生中患癌症的风险，因此对幸存者的持续跟踪至关重要。总体而言，幸存者明显存在与辐射相关的额外癌症风险，儿童时期暴露于辐射中的人比年长时暴露于辐射中的人患辐射诱发癌症的风险更高。在高剂量下，也可能在低剂量下，辐射可能会增加心血管疾病和其他一些非癌症疾病的风险。原子弹幸存者子女的遗传效应尚未被检测到。为了放射防护的目的，低剂量癌症的剂量-反应关系被认为是线性的，没有阈值，但还没有明确地显示出来。这一悬而未决的问题不仅是妥善处理福岛和切尔诺贝利等核事故对健康的潜在影响时的问题，而且在职业和医疗暴露方面也日益令人关切。因此，需要建立适用于低剂量辐射效应的剂量-反应关系。
Late-onset effects of exposure to ionising radiation on the human body have been identified by long-term, large-scale epidemiological studies. The cohort study of Japanese survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (the Life Span Study) is thought to be the most reliable source of information about these health effects because of the size of the cohort, the exposure of a general population of both sexes and all ages, and the wide range of individually assessed doses. For this reason, the Life Span Study has become fundamental to risk assessment in the radiation protection system of the International Commission on Radiological Protection and other authorities. Radiation exposure increases the risk of cancer throughout life, so continued follow-up of survivors is essential. Overall, survivors have a clear radiation-related excess risk of cancer, and people exposed as children have a higher risk of radiation-induced cancer than those exposed at older ages. At high doses, and possibly at low doses, radiation might increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and some other non-cancer diseases. Hereditary effects in the children of atomic bomb survivors have not been detected. The dose-response relation for cancer at low doses is assumed, for purposes of radiological protection, to be linear without a threshold, but has not been shown definitively. This outstanding issue is not only a problem when dealing appropriately with potential health effects of nuclear accidents, such as at Fukushima and Chernobyl, but is of growing concern in occupational and medical exposure. Therefore, the appropriate dose-response relation for effects of low doses of radiation needs to be established.