The Precipitation Imaging Package: Assessment of Microphysical and Bulk Characteristics of Snow
The Precipitation Imaging Package: Assessment of Microphysical and Bulk Characteristics of Snow
复制标题
降水成像包：评估雪的微物理和整体特征
作者：
C. Pettersen;L. Bliven;A. von Lerber;Norman B. Wood;M. Kulie;M. Mateling;D. Moisseev;S. Munchak;Walter A. Petersen;David B. Wolff
需要遥感观测来估计降雪对区域和全球的影响。然而，为了准确估计雪量和雪率，这些观测需要通过有关水凝物特性的额外信息和假设来增强。降水成像包（PIP）提供有关降水特征的信息，并可用于改善降雪率和累积量的估计。在这里，我们的目标是证明两个高阶PIP衍生产品的质量和实用性：液态水等效雪率和体积加权密度的近似值称为等效密度。PIP雪率和等效密度的准确性，通过相互比较与已建立的检索方法，并通过评价与共定位的地面观测。结果证实了PIP衍生产品量化雪率和等效密度特性的能力，并证明PIP产生物理上逼真的雪特性。与国家气象局（NWS）雪场测量的6小时累积量相比，PIP衍生的累积量仅高出+2.48%。此外，这项工作说明了从根本上不同的微物理和散装功能的低和高的雪液比事件，通过评估所观察到的颗粒大小分布，检索的质量系数，和散装性能。重要的是，这项研究确立了PIP观测和高阶产品可以用于约束地基和星载遥感降雪检索中的微物理假设的作用。
Remote-sensing observations are needed to estimate the regional and global impacts of snow. However, to retrieve accurate estimates of snow mass and rate, these observations require augmentation through additional information and assumptions about hydrometeor properties. The Precipitation Imaging Package (PIP) provides information about precipitation characteristics and can be utilized to improve estimates of snowfall rate and accumulation. Here, the goal is to demonstrate the quality and utility of two higher-order PIP-derived products: liquid water equivalent snow rate and an approximation of volume-weighted density called equivalent density. Accuracy of the PIP snow rate and equivalent density is obtained through intercomparison with established retrieval methods and through evaluation with colocated ground-based observations. The results confirm the ability of the PIP-derived products to quantify properties of snow rate and equivalent density, and demonstrate that the PIP produces physically realistic snow characteristics. When compared to the National Weather Service (NWS) snow field measurements of six-hourly accumulation, the PIP-derived accumulations were biased only +2.48% higher. Additionally, this work illustrates fundamentally different microphysical and bulk features of low and high snow-to-liquid ratio events, through assessment of observed particle size distributions, retrieved mass coefficients, and bulk properties. Importantly, this research establishes the role that PIP observations and higher-order products can serve for constraining microphysical assumptions in ground-based and spaceborne remotely sensed snowfall retrievals.
影响因子：
--
作者：
S. Kneifel;M. Kulie;R. Bennartz
通讯作者：
S. Kneifel;M. Kulie;R. Bennartz
CloudSat 观测显示格陵兰岛降雪的时空变化
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Bennartz, Ralf;Fell, Frank;Pettersen, Claire;Shupe, Matthew D.;Schuettemeyer, Dirk
通讯作者：
Schuettemeyer, Dirk
影响因子：
3.8
作者：
Maahn, M.;Kollias, P.
通讯作者：
Kollias, P.