Measured proton electromagnetic structure deviates from theoretical predictions
Measured proton electromagnetic structure deviates from theoretical predictions
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测量的质子电磁结构偏离理论预测
DOI：
10.1038/s41586-022-05248-1
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Boer, M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Li, R.;Sparveris, N.;Atac, H.;Jones, M. K.;Paolone, M.;Akbar, Z.;Gayoso, C. Ayerbe;Berdnikov, V.;Biswas, D.;Boer, M.
可见的世界是建立在质子的基础上的，质子是自然界中唯一稳定的物质组成部分。因此，理解物质的形成依赖于对质子束缚态的动力学和性质的解释。质子的一个基本性质涉及到系统对外部电磁场的响应。它的特征是电磁极化率，描述了系统内部的电荷和磁化分布是如何容易被电磁场扭曲的。此外，广义极化率描绘出质子在电磁场作用下密度的变形。它们揭示了关于潜在系统动力学的基本信息，并提供了解码质子结构的钥匙，根据强相互作用理论，质子结构将其基本夸克和胶子成分结合在一起。特别令人感兴趣的是质子的电广义极化率的一个谜题，这个谜题20年来一直没有解决。在这里，我们报告了质子在低四动量传递平方下的电磁广义极化率的测量。我们展示了与核理论预测相矛盾的质子电广义极化行为异常的证据，并在质子诱导极化的空间分布中推导出其特征。报道的测量结果表明，在质子中存在一种新的、尚未被理解的动力学机制，并对核理论提出了显著的挑战。
The visible world is founded on the proton, the only composite building block of matter that is stable in nature. Consequently, understanding the formation of matter relies on explaining the dynamics and the properties of the proton’s bound state. A fundamental property of the proton involves the response of the system to an external electromagnetic field. It is characterized by the electromagnetic polarizabilities that describe how easily the charge and magnetization distributions inside the system are distorted by the electromagnetic field. Moreover, the generalized polarizabilities map out the resulting deformation of the densities in a proton subject to an electromagnetic field. They disclose essential information about the underlying system dynamics and provide a key for decoding the proton structure in terms of the theory of the strong interaction that binds its elementary quark and gluon constituents. Of particular interest is a puzzle in the electric generalized polarizability of the proton that remains unresolved for two decades. Here we report measurements of the proton’s electromagnetic generalized polarizabilities at low four-momentum transfer squared. We show evidence of an anomaly to the behaviour of the proton’s electric generalized polarizability that contradicts the predictions of nuclear theory and derive its signature in the spatial distribution of the induced polarization in the proton. The reported measurements suggest the presence of a new, not-yet-understood dynamical mechanism in the proton and present notable challenges to the nuclear theory.
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