Environmental risks among rice farmers and factors influencing their risk perceptions and attitudes in Punjab, Pakistan
Environmental risks among rice farmers and factors influencing their risk perceptions and attitudes in Punjab, Pakistan
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DOI：
10.1007/s11356-020-08771-8
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发表时间：
2020-04-13
影响因子：
5.8
通讯作者：
Rauf, Abdur
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ahmad, Dilshad;Afzal, Muhammad;Rauf, Abdur
农业社区面临着两类风险，其中生产风险和环境风险更为突出。农场的管理决策和经营在很大程度上受到农民对风险的认识和态度的影响。在发展中国家，特别是巴基斯坦，没有适当关注谷物作物特有的风险管理问题，因此本研究试图解决这一差距。这项研究工作的重点是量化农民对巴基斯坦水稻作物各种形式风险的看法和态度。本研究使用的横截面数据450水稻农民分为低，中，高生产基地六个水稻区的旁遮普，巴基斯坦。在试图确定农民对风险的态度，该研究使用了同等可能性的风险等效方法，因为农民的感知是由风险矩阵排列在四个灾难性风险基础上，水稻疾病，高投入价格，干旱，暴雨和冰雹。在估计影响农民对风险的态度和感知的因素时，本研究使用了Probit模型。研究结果表明，农民认为暴雨和冰雹、高投入价格、干旱和水稻病害是水稻作物的主要威胁，而大多数农民是风险规避行为。本研究估计，教育程度、性别、农场规模、宗教信仰、年龄、信贷、非农收入、农民牲畜和农业经验显著影响农民的风险认知和风险态度。本研究为农业社区、推广机构、研究人员、农业政策制定者和保险机构提供了应用性和适用性的调查。研究人员和决策者需要了解面临风险的农民及其态度，使他们获得关于风险管理和风险的复杂工具的准确信息，以确保提供预先推广服务和农业融资。在制定实用的政策措施时，研究人员和政策制定者必须准确了解当地的环境条件、与作物有关的威胁以及农民的看法和态度。
Farming community confronted with sundry type of risks while production and environmental risks are more significant. Farms management decisions and operations are considerably influenced by farmers' perceptions and attitude to risks. Risk management issues specific to cereals crops not properly focused in developing countries specifically to Pakistan, so this gap tried to address in this study. This research work was spotlighted to quantify farmers' perception and attitude of diverse form of risks toward rice crop in Pakistan. The present study used cross-sectional data of 450 rice farmers categorized as low, medium, and high production base six rice districts of Punjab, Pakistan. In attempting to identify farmers attitude to risk, the study used Equally Likely Certainty Equivalent approach, as farmers' perception were ranked in four catastrophic risk basis, rice diseases, high input prices, drought, and heavy rainfall and hail, by risk matrix. In estimating the factors influencing farmers' attitude and perceptions to risk, the study used Probit model. Farmers believe heavy rainfall and hails, high input prices, drought, and rice disease major threats for rice crop while mostly farmer is risk-averse behavior as indicated in the results of the study. Estimates of the study signified as education, gender, size of farm, religious, age, credit, off-farm income, farmer livestock, and experience of farming significantly influences farmer risk perception and risk attitude. This research provided applied and suitable investigation for farming community, extension services, researchers, agricultural policymakers, and insurance institutions. Farmers confronting risk and their attitude need to understand by researcher and policymakers' access them accurate information regarding sophisticated tools of risk management and risks to make sure the provision of advance extension services and agricultural finance. In formulating applied policy measures, it is prerequisite for researchers and policymakers to accurate understanding of local environmental conditions, crop-related threats, and farmers' perceptions and attitude.