Associations of maternal anthropometrics with newborn anogenital distance and the 2:4 digit ratio.
Associations of maternal anthropometrics with newborn anogenital distance and the 2:4 digit ratio.
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DOI：
10.1093/humrep/deac143
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发表时间：
2022-07
影响因子：
6.1
通讯作者：
Maria E Kloboves;Diana C. Pacyga;J. Gardiner;J. Flaws;S. Schantz;Rita S. Strakovsky
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Maria E Kloboves;Diana C. Pacyga;J. Gardiner;J. Flaws;S. Schantz;Rita S. Strakovsky
母亲的人体测量学与新生儿的肛门生殖器距离（AGD）和2：4指比（2：4D）相关吗？摘要回答选择母亲的人体测量指标肥胖或肥胖增加与延长AGD的女儿。孕妇在怀孕前或怀孕早期体重过重或肥胖可能会影响儿童的生殖和其他生殖介导的发育。AGD和2：4D是子宫内生殖发育的标志物。研究设计，规模，持续时间本研究包括450名母亲/新生儿的二对参与伊利诺伊州儿童发展研究（I-KIDS），一个前瞻性的怀孕队列从香槟厄巴纳，伊利诺伊州，美国。本研究纳入的参与者在2013年至2018年期间入组。参与者/材料，设置，方法大多数母亲在这项研究中受过大学教育（82%）和非西班牙裔白色（80%），和55%的怀孕前体重不足或正常。18-40岁的孕妇报告孕前体重和身高，以计算孕前BMI。在妊娠8-15周时，我们测量腰围和臀围，并使用生物电阻抗分析评估体重、体脂百分比、内脏脂肪水平、肌肉百分比和BMI。在出生后24小时内，我们测量了新生儿第2和第4左/右指，以计算2：4D。在女儿中，我们测量了肛门到阴蒂（AGDAC）和肛门到阴蒂（AGDAC）。在儿子中，我们测量了AGDAS（肛门到阴囊）和AGDAP（肛门到阴茎基部）。主要结果和机会的作用选择产妇人体测量与AGD新生儿的女儿，但不是儿子。例如，AGDAC为0.73 mm（95% CI：0.15，1.32）孕前BMI和0.88 mm的每四分位距（IQR）增加，（95% CI：0.18，1.58），而AQR为0.51 mm，臀围和腰围每增加一个IQR，分别长0.56 mm（95% CI：0.03，1.00）和0.56 mm（95% CI：0.03，1.09）。四分位数分析通常支持线性关联，但在Q4（与Q1相比）母体%体脂和内脏脂肪水平与AGDAC之间出现了额外的强关联。在四分位数分析中，我们观察到只有少数适度的关联产妇人体测量与2：4 D，这是不同的手（左与右）和新生儿性别。虽然总是有可能出现虚假的结果，但女性AGD的两种测量方法在多个母体人体测量方法中是一致的，这加强了我们的结论。我们的研究样本在种族和民族上是同质的，受过教育，相对健康，因此我们的研究可能无法推广到其他人群。此外，我们可能没有能力识别一些性别特异性的关联，特别是2：4D。研究结果的更广泛的意义在怀孕前和怀孕早期，母亲体重和肥胖的增加可能会延长女性AGD，这需要进一步的调查。研究基金/竞争利益（S）本出版物是由国家环境健康科学研究所（NIH/NIEHS）赠款ES 024795和ES 022848、国家儿童健康和人类发展研究所拨款R 03 HD 100775、美国环境保护署拨款RD 83543401和国家卫生研究所主任办公室拨款OD 023272。其内容仅由受让人负责，不一定代表美国环保署或NIH的官方观点。此外，美国环保署不认可购买出版物中提到的任何商业产品或服务。该项目还得到了美国农业部国家粮食和农业研究所和密歇根州农业生物研究所的支持。作者声明没有竞争利益。试验注册编号N/A。
STUDY QUESTION Are maternal anthropometrics associated with anogenital distance (AGD) and 2:4 digit ratio (2:4D) in newborns? SUMMARY ANSWER Select maternal anthropometrics indicative of obesity or increased adiposity are associated with elongated AGD in daughters. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Excessive maternal weight or adiposity before or in early pregnancy may impact child reproductive, and other hormonally mediated, development. AGD and 2:4D are proposed markers of in utero reproductive development. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This study includes 450 mother/newborn dyads participating in the Illinois Kids Development Study (I-KIDS), a prospective pregnancy cohort from Champaign-Urbana, IL, USA. Participants included in the current study enrolled between 2013 and 2018. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Most mothers in this study were college-educated (82%) and non-Hispanic White (80%), and 55% were under- or normal weight before pregnancy. Pregnant women aged 18-40 years reported pre-pregnancy weight and height to calculate pre-pregnancy BMI. At 8-15 weeks gestation, we measured waist and hip circumference, and evaluated weight, % body fat, visceral fat level, % muscle and BMI using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Within 24 h of birth, we measured newborn 2nd and 4th left/right digits to calculate the 2:4D. In daughters, we measured AGDAF (anus to fourchette) and AGDAC (anus to clitoris). In sons, we measured AGDAS (anus to scrotum) and AGDAP (anus to base of the penis). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Select maternal anthropometrics were positively associated with AGD in newborn daughters, but not sons. For example, AGDAC was 0.73 mm (95% CI: 0.15, 1.32) longer for every interquartile range (IQR) increase in pre-pregnancy BMI and 0.88 mm (95% CI: 0.18, 1.58) longer for every IQR increase in hip circumference, whereas AGDAF was 0.51 mm (95% CI: 0.03, 1.00) and 0.56 mm (95% CI: 0.03, 1.09) longer for every IQR increase in hip and waist circumference, respectively. Quartile analyses generally supported linear associations, but additional strong associations emerged in Q4 (versus Q1) of maternal % body fat and visceral fat levels with AGDAC. In quartile analyses, we observed only a few modest associations of maternal anthropometrics with 2:4D, which differed by hand (left versus right) and newborn sex. Although there is always the possibility of spurious findings, the associations for both measures of female AGD were consistent across multiple maternal anthropometric measures, which strengthens our conclusions. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Our study sample was racially and ethnically homogenous, educated and relatively healthy, so our study may not be generalizable to other populations. Additionally, we may not have been powered to identify some sex-specific associations, especially for 2:4D. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Increased maternal weight and adiposity before and in early pregnancy may lengthen the female AGD, which warrants further investigation. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This publication was made possible by the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIH/NIEHS) grants ES024795 and ES022848, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development grant R03HD100775, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency grant RD83543401 and National Institute of Health Office of the Director grant OD023272. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the grantee and do not necessarily represent the official views of the US EPA or NIH. Furthermore, the US EPA does not endorse the purchase of any commercial products or services mentioned in the publication. This project was also supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture and Michigan AgBioResearch. The authors declare no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.