Why and how does early adversity influence development? Toward an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience
Why and how does early adversity influence development? Toward an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience
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DOI：
10.1017/s0954579421001838
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发表时间：
2022-03-14
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
McLaughlin, Katie A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ellis, Bruce J.;Sheridan, Margaret A.;McLaughlin, Katie A.
现有的两个框架--严酷不可预测性模型和威胁剥夺模型--试图解释逆境的哪些维度对发展有不同的影响。这些模型分别阐述了为什么基于自然选择的历史，发育在一系列环境背景下的运作方式，以及作为可塑性和对环境经验的反应的学习的神经机制如何影响大脑发育。在这些框架的基础上，我们提出了环境体验维度的综合模型，重点关注基于威胁的严酷形式、基于剥夺的严酷形式和环境不可预测性。这一综合模式清楚地表明，发展的原因和方式是密不可分的，综合起来，对于理解环境的哪些方面至关重要。核心综合概念包括学习的指导性、对环境的多层次发展适应以及对逆境的适应性和非适应性发展反应之间的权衡。综合模型提出，基于威胁和基于剥夺的严酷形式的近端和远端暗示，以及这些暗示中的不可预测性，都将发展与当前和未来的直接养育环境和更广泛的生态背景相匹配。我们强调了研究的可行方向，以调查综合模型并促进对环境经验各方面的理解。
Two extant frameworks - the harshness-unpredictability model and the threat-deprivation model - attempt to explain which dimensions of adversity have distinct influences on development. These models address, respectively, why, based on a history of natural selection, development operates the way it does across a range of environmental contexts, and how the neural mechanisms that underlie plasticity and learning in response to environmental experiences influence brain development. Building on these frameworks, we advance an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience, focusing on threat-based forms of harshness, deprivation-based forms of harshness, and environmental unpredictability. This integrated model makes clear that the why and the how of development are inextricable and, together, essential to understanding which dimensions of the environment matter. Core integrative concepts include the directedness of learning, multiple levels of developmental adaptation to the environment, and tradeoffs between adaptive and maladaptive developmental responses to adversity. The integrated model proposes that proximal and distal cues to threat-based and deprivation-based forms of harshness, as well as unpredictability in those cues, calibrate development to both immediate rearing environments and broader ecological contexts, current and future. We highlight actionable directions for research needed to investigate the integrated model and advance understanding of dimensions of environmental experience.