Global stratospheric effects of the alumina emissions by
Global stratospheric effects of the alumina emissions by
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氧化铝排放对全球平流层的影响
DOI：
10.1029/2001jd900022
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发表时间：
2001
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Prather
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Danilin;R. Shia;M. Ko;D. Weisenstein;N. Sze;J. J. Lamb;T. W. Smith;P. Lohn;M. Prather
采用戈达德空间研究所/加州大学欧文分校的三维化学输运模型（CTM），模拟了固体火箭发动机产生的AleO 3粒子在大气中的积累过程。我们的研究与Jackman等人（1998年）的研究不同之处在于采用了3-D CTM，考虑了排放颗粒的13个尺寸箱，从0.025到10/zm，并考虑了它们的冲刷、重力沉降和与背景硫酸盐气溶胶的凝结。我们假设初始三峰尺寸分布的Al2O3颗粒（Beiting，1997），其中2.8质量%的氧化铝作为半径小于1/zm的颗粒排放。我们的测试案例采用了1120吨/年的平流层源，相当于每年发射9次航天飞机和4次泰坦IV。计算的稳态表面积密度（SAD）和质量密度在北方半球平流层下部的最大值分别为7 × 10 - 4/zme/cm3和0.09ng/m3，比背景硫酸盐气溶胶的SAD和质量密度小约1000倍。我们的研究结果是敏感的氧化铝（EMFA）显示SAD或质量密度的值高或低的数量级，由于一个鲜为人知的EMFA的排放质量分馏。氧化铝颗粒累积对臭氧平衡的化学影响是通过使用大气和环境研究2-D模型假设A1上的氯活化来估计的通过C1ONO的O3表面 + 盐酸- CIq-HNO3反应，概率为0.02（Molina等人，1997年）。由于AleO 3 SAD非常小，因此由于AleO 3排放而产生的任何额外臭氧消耗也很小（在有沉降的情况下，全球年平均消耗量为0.0028%，或仅比氯排放对臭氧的影响小4倍左右）。对于使用Beiting（1997）的EMFA的情景，氧化铝排放的臭氧消耗潜能值约为0.03 - 0.08，而对于布雷迪和Martin（1995）的EMFA，则要大一个数量级。重量）、CO（24%）、HCl（21%）、HO（10%）、N2（9%）、CO2（4%）和H2（2%）排放至42 km（Prather等人，1990年a）。SRM排放物的环境影响已经过检查（例如，世界气象组织（气象组织），1992年）。据认为，与其他SRM排放物相比，氯排放物（主要以HCl和C12的形式）对臭氧层构成主要风险。在全球范围内，SRM氯排放造成的臭氧柱损耗非常小（假设每年发射9架航天飞机和6架Titan IV，在北方中纬度地区<0.1%，在地球仪上空约为0.01%）（Prather等人，1990年a;
We simulate accumulation of AleO3 particles in the atmosphere produced by solid-fueled rocket motors by using the Goddard Institute for Space Studies/University of California at Irvine three-dimensionM (3-D) chemistry- transport model (CTM). Our study differs from Jackman et al. (1998) by applying a 3-D CTM, considering 13 size bins for the emitted particles from 0.025 to 10/zm and taking into account their washout, gravitational sedimentation, and coagulation with background sulfate aerosol. We assume an initial trimodal size distribution of AleO3 particles (Beiting, 1997) with 2.8% by mass of the alumina emitted as particles with radius of less than i /zm. Our test case adopts a stratospheric source of 1120 tons/yr equivalent to nine space Shuttle and four Titan IV launches annually. The calculated steady state surface area density (SAD) and mass density for the scenarios with sedimentation of alumina particles have maximum values in the lower stratosphere in the Northern Hemisphere of up to 7x 10 -4 /zme/cm 3 and 0.09 ng/m 3, respectively, or about 1000 times smaller than those of the background sulfate aerosol. Our results are sensitive to the emitted mass fractionation of alumina (EMFA) showing the values for the SAD or mass density higher or lower by an order of magnitude owing to a poorly known EMFA. Chemical implications of alumina particle accumulation for the ozone balance are estimated by using the Atmospheric and Environmental Research 2-D model assuming chlorine activation on A1O3 surfaces vithe C1ONO + HC1 - CIq- HNO3 reaction withprobability of 0.02 (Molina et al., 1997). Owing to the very small AleO3 SAD, any additional ozone depletion due to AleO3 emissions is also small (0.0028% on a global annually averaged basis for the scenario with sedimentation, or about 4 times smaller than the ozone response to chlorine emissions only). The ozone depletion potential of the alumina emissions is about 0.03-0.08 for the scenarios using the EMFA of Beiting (1997) and larger by an order of magnitude for the EMFA of Brady and Martin (1995). weight), CO (24%), HC1 (21%), HO (10%), N2 (9%), CO2 (4%), and H2 (2%) emitted up to 42 km (Prather et al., 1990a). The environmental impact of the SRM emissions has been examined (e.g., World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 1992). It is believed that chlorine emissions (mostly in the form of HC1 and C12) pose the main risk for the ozone layer compared with the other SRM emissions. On the global scale, the depletion of the ozone column caused by SRM chlorine emissions is very small (<0.1% at northern midlatitudes and about 0.01% over the globe assuming nine space shuttle and six Titan IV launches annually) (Prather et al., 1990a;