Linguistic Features and Typologies in Languages Commonly Referred to as ‘Khoisan’

Linguistic Features and Typologies in Languages Commonly Referred to as ‘Khoisan’
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通常被称为“科伊桑语”的语言的语言特征和类型学

DOI:
10.1017/9781108283991.012
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发表时间:
2019
期刊:
H. Ekkehard Wolff (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of African Linguistics
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Nakagawa Hirosi
Nakagawa Hirosi
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Witzlack-Makarevich;Alena;Nakagawa Hirosi

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在非洲南部和东部,曾经有超过一百种语言在其语音学中广泛使用点击辅音(Brenzinger,2013,1)。这些语言传统上被称为“科伊桑”语言。这些属于三个不同谱系单位的语言中只有大约十几种今天仍在使用。在这篇文章中,我们将提供这些语言的类型学概述,重点是它们的语音,形态和句法的中心方面,并突出它们之间的相似性和差异。我们还将调查最近的贡献,致力于反复出现的问题,是否所有这些语言形成一个谱系单位,如果不是,如何解释它们之间的相似性。我们开始首先介绍一些用来指个别科伊桑语言和分组的术语(第2节)。然后,我们调查了最近的证据之间的科伊森语言和其他解释之间的相似性的系谱关系(第3节)。文章的主要部分致力于概述科伊桑语的一些中心特征。我们集中在三个大的谱系单位,即Khoe-Kwadi,Kx 'a和Tuu,为了篇幅的缘故,在很大程度上忽略了Hadza和Sandawe。这三个谱系的语音概况在第4节中介绍。第五节概述了一些最典型的形态特征,而第六节简要概述了一些句法特征。最后,第七章对全文进行了总结。
In southern and eastern Africa, there used to be over a hundred languages characterized by extensively using click consonants in their phonology (Brenzinger, 2013, 1). These languages have been traditionally referred to as the ‘Khoisan’languages. Only about a dozen of these languages belonging to three different genealogical units are still spoken today. In this article we will provide a typological overview of these languages focusing on the central aspects of their phonology, morphology, and syntax and highlighting the similarities and differences between them. We will also survey the recent contributions dedicated the recurrent question of whether all these languages form one genealogical unit and, if not, how the similarities among them can be explained. We begin first by presenting some of the terminology used to refer to the individual Khoisan languages and groupings (Section 2). We then survey the recent evidence for the genealogical relatedness among the Khoisan languages and other explanations for the similarities among them (Section 3). The major part of the article is dedicated to outlining some central characteristics of the Khoisan languages. We focus on the three large genealogical units viz. Khoe-Kwadi, Kx’a, and Tuu, and largely ignore Hadza and Sandawe for the sake of space. The phonological profile of these three lineages is presented in Section 4. Section 5 surveys some of the most typical morphological characteristics, whereas Section 6 briefly outlines some of the syntactic characteristics. Finally, Section 7 concludes the paper.
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