Emerging food-borne parasites
Emerging food-borne parasites
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DOI：
10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.026
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发表时间：
2009-08-07
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Gabriel, S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dorny, P.;Praet, N.;Gabriel, S.
寄生性食源性疾病通常没有得到足够的认识，但它们正变得越来越常见。食物供应的全球化、国际旅行的增加、高危人群的增加、烹饪习惯的改变以及诊断工具和交流的改进，是全世界食源性寄生虫病诊断率增加的一些因素。本文综述了最重要的食源性寄生虫，重点介绍了传播途径。在第一部分中，讨论了通过受污染的食物传播的水媒寄生虫，如环孢子虫、隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫。此外，还研究了人类筋膜病，其重要性在过去几十年才被认识到，报告的病例总数从不到3000例增加到1700万例。此外，肝片吸虫病，人和猪的所有肠道吸虫也属于水媒寄生虫。简要回顾了几种可能通过食物的粪便污染传播的寄生虫，如弓形虫，或正在(重新)出现的寄生虫，如克氏锥虫和棘球绦虫。在第二部分中，回顾了肉类传播的寄生虫感染。人类通过进食生的或未煮熟的肉类而感染，这些肉类感染了这些寄生虫的包囊阶段。肉质检验是控制带绦虫的主要方法。和旋毛虫属(Trichinella spp.)然而，它通常不是很敏感，经常没有实践，而且不适用于弓形虫和肉孢子虫。爬行动物、两栖动物和鱼类的肉类可被各种寄生虫感染，包括吸虫(尾棘吸虫、华支睾吸虫、微小肠道吸虫)、绦虫(双叶吸虫、蜘蛛)、线虫(Gnathostoma、spp.、异尖线虫)和五线虫，这些寄生虫在生吃或未正确煮熟时会引起人畜共患传染病。另一种重要的人畜共患食源性吸虫是肺吸虫(并殖吸虫属)。传统上，由于特殊的饮食习惯和水产养殖的重要性，这些寄生性人畜共患病在亚洲最为常见。然而，其中一些寄生虫可能会通过水产养殖和改进的运输和分配系统出现在其他大陆。由于许多人畜共患寄生虫的常规诊断和监测或报告系统不足，人类疾病和食物中寄生虫的发病率被低估。工业化国家特别关注的是高度耐药的水传播原生动物感染，以及旅行和移民的增加，这增加了对外来疾病的接触。发展中国家对动物蛋白的需求增加将导致需要评估人畜共患感染风险的生产系统的所有强化。总体而言，迫切需要利用新技术更好地监测和控制食源性寄生虫。(C)2009爱思唯尔B.V.保留所有权利。
Parasitic food-borne diseases are generally underrecognised, however they are becoming more common. Globalization of the food supply, increased international travel, increase of the Population of highly susceptible persons, change in culinary habits, but also improved diagnostic tools and communication are some factors associated with the increased diagnosis of food-borne parasitic diseases worldwide. This paper reviews the most important emerging food-borne parasites, with emphasis on transmission routes. In a first part, waterborne parasites transmitted by contaminated food such as Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium and Giardia are discussed. Also human fasciolosis, of which the importance has only been recognised in the last decades, with total numbers of reported cases increasing from less than 3000 to 17 million, is looked at. Furthermore, fasciolopsiosis, all intestinal trematode of humans and pigs belongs to the waterborne parasites as well. A few parasites that may be transmitted through faecal contamination of foods and that have received renewed attention, such as Toxoplasma gondii, or that are (re-) emerging, such as Trypanosoma cruzi and Echinococcus spp., are briefly reviewed. In a second part, meat-borne parasite infections are reviewed. Humans get infected by eating raw or Undercooked meat infected with cyst stages of these parasites. Meat inspection is the principal method applied in the control of Taenia spp. and Trichinella spp. However, it is often not very sensitive, frequently not practised, and not done for T. gondii and Sarcocystis spp. Meat of reptiles, amphibians and fish can be infected with a variety of parasites, including trematodes (Opisthorchis spp., Clonorchis sinensis, minute intestinal flukes), cestodes (Diphyllobothrium spp., Spirometro), nematodes (Gnathostoma, spp., anisakine parasites), and pentastomids that call cause zoonotic infections in humans when consumed raw or not properly cooked. Another important zoonotic food-borne trematode is the lungfluke (Paragonimus spp.). Traditionally, these parasitic zoonoses are most common in Asia because of the particular food practices and the importance of aquaculture. However, some of these parasites may emerge in other continents through aquaculture and improved transportation and distribution systems. Because of inadequate systems for routine diagnosis and monitoring or reporting for many of the zoonotic parasites, the incidence of human disease and parasite occurrence in food is underestimated. Of particular concern in industrialised countries are the highly resistant waterborne protozoal infections as well as the increased travel and immigration, which increase the exposure to exotic diseases. The increased demand for animal proteins in developing Countries will lead to all intensification of the production systems in which the risk of zoonotic infections needs to be assessed. Overall, there is an urgent need for better monitoring and control of food-borne parasites using new technologies. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.