One Gene Is Not Enough To Explain the Evolution of Homosexuality

One Gene Is Not Enough To Explain the Evolution of Homosexuality
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一个基因不足以解释同性恋的进化

DOI:
10.1007/s10508-019-01575-z
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发表时间:
2021
影响因子:
3.8
通讯作者:
Haag, Eric S.
Haag, Eric S.
中科院分区:
法学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Haag, Eric S.

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大多数哺乳动物谱系都有两种不同的嗅觉模式。其中之一是主嗅觉系统(MOS),专门用于识别环境中的挥发性化合物,例如与食物相关的挥发性化合物。另一个是犁鼻系统(VNS),它使用独特的神经上皮,即犁鼻器官(VNO)来感知介导同种社交互动的分子。这些分子包括表示另一个个体的性别、成熟度和生殖接受能力的信息素。尽管 MOS 和 VNS 都是胎盘哺乳动物的祖先,但它们在某些谱系中同时减少。特别是,VNS 在卡他灵长类动物(即旧世界猴 [OWM]、猿和人类)、大多数蝙蝠以及完全水生的鲸目动物(鲸鱼和海豚)和海牛中已经丢失(Bhatnagar & Meisami,1998;Kishida、Thewissen、Hayakawa、Imai 和 Agata,2015;Mackay-Sim,杜瓦尔和格雷夫斯,1985)。一些阔鼻灵长类动物(即新世界猴 [NWM])也表现出高度降低的 VNO(Smith 等,2011)。缺乏 TRPC2 功能的突变小鼠保留犁鼻感觉上皮,但不能检测或响应已知的信息素(Stowers、Holy、Meister、Dulac 和 Koentges,2002)。由此产生的犁鼻传入受体 (VR) 信号传导受损,导致 VNS 介导的行为丧失,例如男性之间的攻击性和对女性交配尝试的限制,以及同性性行为 (SSSB) 的增加。 SSSB 也见于狭鼻猴和一部分阔鼻猴中(Dixson,2010;Vasey,1995)。 Pflau、Jordan 和 Breedlove (2019) 指出,缺乏强大的 VNS 与 SSSB 的存在之间存在着有趣的相关性。他们还指出,TRPC2 的无效等位基因在卡他尼类中是固定的,并且与该进化枝中可观察到的 SSSB 一致(至少大致一致)。由于哺乳动物中的 TRP 家族很小,并且全长 TRPC2 假基因存在于卡他碱基因组中 (Liman, Corey, & Dulac, 1999; Vannier et al., 1999; Wes et al., 1995),直系同源性和最近的丢失是毫无疑问的。因此,问题就变成了如何解释这种损失。 Pflau 等人 (2019) 注意到 VNO 在介导啮齿动物性别识别中的重要作用,认为 TRPC2 可能是更广泛的哺乳动物性别特异性行为的决定因素。此外,他们提出,它的丧失可能是卡他灵长类动物(包括我们自己物种的同性恋)频繁出现 SSSB 的最初触发因素。由于其简单性,这是一个有吸引力的假设。然而,它基于三个假设,每个假设似乎都有些不稳定。
Most mammalian lineages have two distinct modes of olfaction. One is the main olfactory system (MOS), which is specialized for volatile compounds from the environment, such as those associated with food. The other is the vomeronasal system (VNS), which uses a distinct neuroepithelium, the vomeronasal organ (VNO), to sense molecules that mediate conspecific social interactions. These molecules include pheromones that signal the sex, maturity, and reproductive receptivity of another individual. Though both the MOS and VNS were ancestral to placental mammals, they have been reduced in parallel in some lineages. The VNS, in particular, has been lost in the catarrhine primates (ie, old world monkeys [OWM], apes, and humans), most bats, and the fully aquatic cetaceans (whales and dolphins) and manatees (Bhatnagar & Meisami, 1998; Kishida, Thewissen, Hayakawa, Imai, & Agata, 2015; Mackay-Sim, Duvall, & Graves, 1985). Some platyrrhine primates (ie, new world monkeys [NWM]) also show highly reduced VNO (Smith et al., 2011). Mutant mice lacking TRPC2 function retain a vomeronasal sensory epithelium, but cannot detect or respond to known pheromones (Stowers, Holy, Meister, Dulac, & Koentges, 2002). The resulting impairment of afferent vomeronasal receptor (VR) signaling leads to loss of VNS-mediated behaviors, such as male–male aggression and the limitation of copulation attempts to females, as well as increased same-sex sexual behavior (SSSB). SSSB is also seen in catarrhines and in a subset of platyrrhine monkeys (Dixson, 2010; Vasey, 1995). Pflau, Jordan, and Breedlove (2019) note an intriguing correlation between the absence of a robust VNS and the presence of SSSB. They also point out that null alleles of TRPC2were fixed in the catarrhines and coincide (at least roughly) with observable SSSB in that clade. Because the TRP family in mammals is small, and because full-length TRPC2 pseudogenes exist in catarrhine genomes (Liman, Corey, & Dulac, 1999; Vannier et al., 1999; Wes et al., 1995), orthology and recent loss are not in doubt. The question thus becomes how to interpret this loss. Noting the essential role of the VNO in mediating sex recognition in rodents, Pflau et al.(2019) suggest that TRPC2 could be a determiner of sex-specific behavior across mammals more broadly. Further, they propose that its loss may have been the initial trigger that allowed frequent SSSB to emerge in catarrhine primates, including the homosexuality of our own species. Because of its simplicity, this is an attractive hypothesis. However, it rests on three assumptions that each appear to be somewhat shaky.
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