Bystander reactions to a violent theft: crime in Jerusalem
Bystander reactions to a violent theft: crime in Jerusalem
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旁观者对暴力盗窃的反应：耶路撒冷的犯罪
DOI：
10.1037/0022-3514.34.6.1188
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发表时间：
1976
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
A. Gottlieb
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Schwartz;A. Gottlieb
72名以色列男学生在一次虚假的讨论中遭遇暴力犯罪。他们对其他旁观者对紧急情况缺乏反应的意识（社会影响）和其他人对他们行动的意识（评估恐惧）在2X2析因设计中交叉。一种“单独”状态，受试者是唯一的旁观者，仅受他人在场的影响控制（责任扩散）。责任分散会减少帮助，负面社会影响会减缓帮助，但评估恐惧会增加帮助。可追溯到社会影响的差异出现之前，从其他过程。这些研究结果的测量帮助和解释旁观者决策的影响进行了讨论。基蒂·吉诺维斯（Kitty Genovese，1964）被暴力谋杀时，38名目击者的反应迟钝受到了广泛谴责，这是对紧急情况下旁观者行为的社会心理学研究的主要刺激。然而，这些研究中没有一个让受试者面对由暴力犯罪引起的紧急情况。受害者的需要通常是由客观造成的事故产生的（例如，坠落的书架，Latane & Rodin，1969），身体疾病（例如，神经性癫痫发作，Darley & Latane，1968），或非暴力犯罪（例如，Moriarty，1975）。旁观者也接触过一些暴力，但仅限于儿童之间的打斗（Latane & Darley，1970）和心理剧参与者之间的打斗（Borofsky，Stollak，& Messe，1971）。
Seventy-two male Israeli students were exposed to a violent crime in the course of a bogus discussion. Their awareness of other bystanders' lack of reaction to the emergency (social influence) and others' awareness of their actions (evaluation apprehension) were crossed in a 2 X 2 factorial design. An "alone" condition in which the subject was the only bystander controlled for the effects of others' mere presence (diffusion of responsibilit y). Helping was reduced by diffusion of responsibilit y and slowed by negative social influence but was increased by evaluation apprehension. Differences traceable to social influence appeared prior to those from the other processes. Implications of these findings for the measurement of helping and the interpretation of bystander decision making are discussed. The widely decried unresponsiveness of 38 witnesses during the violent murder of Kitty Genovese (Rosenthal, 1964) was the major stimulus to social-psycho logical research on bystander behavior in emergencies. Yet none of this research has confronted subjects with an emergency caused by a violent crime. The victims' need has commonly been generated by impersonally caused accidents (e.g., falling bookcases, Latane & Rodin, 1969), physical illness (e.g., nervous seizures, Darley & Latane, 1968), or nonviolent crimes (e.g., theft, Moriarty, 1975). Bystanders have been exposed to some violence, but only in the form of fighting between children (Latane & Darley, 1970) and between participants in a psychodrama (Borofsky, Stollak, & Messe, 1971).