The 'Out of Africa' Hypothesis, Human Genetic Diversity, and Comparative Economic Development.
The 'Out of Africa' Hypothesis, Human Genetic Diversity, and Comparative Economic Development.
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“非洲”假设，人类遗传多样性和比较经济发展。
DOI：
10.1257/aer.103.1.1
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发表时间：
2013-02
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Galor O
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ashraf Q;Galor O
本研究认为，从人类文明的开端到当代，深层次的因素在数万年前就决定了经济发展的进程。它提出并实证地确立了一个假设，即在智人离开非洲的过程中，从人类的摇篮到地球仪各地不同定居点的迁移距离的变化影响了遗传多样性，并对比较经济发展的模式产生了长期的影响，而这种影响是地理、制度和文化因素所无法捕捉的。特别是，人们发现，在前殖民时代和现代社会，一个社会内的遗传多样性水平对发展成果都有一个驼峰形的影响，反映了多样性对生产力的有利影响和不利影响之间的权衡。亚洲和欧洲人口普遍存在中等程度的遗传多样性，这有利于发展，但非洲人口的高度多样性和美洲土著人口的低多样性，对这些地区的发展是一种有害的力量。
This research argues that deep-rooted factors, determined tens of thousands of years ago, had a significant effect on the course of economic development from the dawn of human civilization to the contemporary era. It advances and empirically establishes the hypothesis that, in the course of the exodus of Homo sapiens out of Africa, variation in migratory distance from the cradle of humankind to various settlements across the globe affected genetic diversity and has had a long-lasting effect on the pattern of comparative economic development that is not captured by geographical, institutional, and cultural factors. In particular, the level of genetic diversity within a society is found to have a hump-shaped effect on development outcomes in both the pre-colonial and the modern era, reflecting the trade-off between the beneficial and the detrimental effects of diversity on productivity. While the intermediate level of genetic diversity prevalent among Asian and European populations has been conducive for development, the high degree of diversity among African populations and the low degree of diversity among Native American populations have been a detrimental force in the development of these regions.
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影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Conley, TG
通讯作者：
Conley, TG
影响因子：
2.3
作者：
Gallup, JL;Sachs, JD;Mellinger, AD
通讯作者：
Mellinger, AD
影响因子：
1.6
作者：
Galor, Oded;Michalopoulos, Stelios
通讯作者：
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.94.9.4516
发表时间：
1997-04-29
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Barbujani, G;Magagni, A;CavalliSforza, LL
通讯作者：
CavalliSforza, LL
DOI：
10.1111/j.1542-4774.2010.tb00511.x
发表时间：
2010-04-01
影响因子：
3.6
作者：
Ashraf, Quamrul;Galor, Oded;Ozak, Omer
通讯作者：
Ozak, Omer