A PERCEPTUAL-DEFENSIVE-RECUPERATIVE MODEL OF FEAR AND PAIN
A PERCEPTUAL-DEFENSIVE-RECUPERATIVE MODEL OF FEAR AND PAIN
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DOI：
10.1017/s0140525x0000491x
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发表时间：
1980-01-01
影响因子：
29.3
通讯作者：
FANSELOW, MS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BOLLES, RC;FANSELOW, MS
提出了一种恐惧和痛苦的模型，在这种模型中，人们假设这两者会激活完全不同类型的行为。恐惧是由与疼痛事件相关的刺激产生的，导致防御行为和对疼痛和与疼痛相关的行为的抑制。另一方面，由伤害性刺激产生的疼痛激发了促进愈合的恢复行为。在这个模型中，一方面是伤害性刺激，另一方面是对伤害性刺激的预期，激活了完全不同的动机系统服务于完全不同的功能。恐惧动机系统激活防御行为，比如在可怕的情况下冻结和逃跑，它的功能是保护动物免受自然危险，比如捕食。恐惧动机的另一个作用是组织对环境事件的感知，从而促进对危险和安全的感知。疼痛动机系统激活休养性行为，包括休息和身体护理反应，其功能是促进动物从损伤中恢复。疼痛动机也选择性地促进了对伤害性刺激的感知。由于这两种动机具有不同的竞争性功能，因此可以预期它们会通过某种相互抑制而相互作用。最近的研究表明情况确实如此。最重要的联系是恐惧对痛苦的抑制；恐惧是最重要的。这种抑制似乎是由内源性镇痛机制介导的，涉及内啡肽。该模型假设恐惧触发内啡肽机制，从而抑制疼痛动机和可能与有效防御行为竞争的恢复行为。
A model of fear and pain is presented in which the two are assumed to activate totally different classes of behavior. Fear, produced by stimuli that are associated with painful events, results in defensive behavior and the inhibition of pain and pain-related behaviors. On the other hand, pain, produced by injurious stimulation, motivates recuperative behaviors that promote healing. In this model injurious stimulation, on the one hand, and the expectation of injurious stimulation, on the other hand, activate entirely different motivational systems which serve entirely different functions. The fear motivation system activates defensive behavior, such as freezing and flight from a frightening situation, and its function is to defend the animal against natural dangers, such as predation. A further effect of fear motivation is to organize the perception of environmental events so as to facilitate the perception of danger and safety. The pain motivation system activates recuperative behaviors, including resting and body-care responses, and its function is to promote the animal's recovery from injury. Pain motivation also selectively facilitates the perception of nociceptive stimulation. Since the two kinds of motivation serve different and competitive functions, it might be expected that they would interact through some kind of mutual inhibition. Recent research is described which indicates that this is the case. The most important connection is the inhibition of pain by fear; fear has the top priority. This inhibition appears to be mediated by an endogenous analgesic mechanism involving the endorphins. The model assumes that fear triggers the endorphin mechanism, thereby inhibiting pain motivation and recuperative behaviors that might compete with effective defensive behavior.