Autophagy in protists and their hosts: When, how and why?
Autophagy in protists and their hosts: When, how and why?
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DOI：
10.1080/27694127.2022.2149211
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发表时间：
2023-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Vanrell, Maria Cristina
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Romano, Patricia Silvia;Akematsu, Takahiko;Vanrell, Maria Cristina
致病原生生物是一组生物体，可引起多种人类疾病，包括疟疾、昏睡病、恰加斯病、利什曼病和弓形虫病等。这些疾病影响着全球10多亿人，主要是最贫穷的人口，其特点是处于严重的慢性病阶段，缺乏有效的抗寄生虫治疗。寄生原生生物表现出复杂的生活周期，为了适应它们生活的不同宿主，它们经历了不同的细胞转化。自噬是一种高度保守的细胞降解过程，已成为这些分化过程所需的关键机制，以及对寄生虫适合性至关重要的其他功能。与酵母和哺乳动物不同，原生生物自噬的特征是少量保守的自噬相关蛋白(ATGs)，尽管这些蛋白可以驱动自噬小体的形成和降解。此外，在它们的细胞内循环中，这些病原体与宿主自噬系统的相互作用起着至关重要的作用，从而产生对感染结果重要的有益或有害的影响。本文就致病原生生物及其寄主的自噬及其相关机制的研究现状作一综述。我们试图强调这个过程何时、如何和为什么发生，以及它可能对寄生循环产生的影响。更好地理解自噬对原生生物生命周期的重要性将潜在地有助于设计新的抗寄生虫策略。
Pathogenic protists are a group of organisms responsible for causing a variety of human diseases including malaria, sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis, among others. These diseases, which affect more than one billion people globally, mainly the poorest populations, are characterized by severe chronic stages and the lack of effective antiparasitic treatment. Parasitic protists display complex life-cycles and go through different cellular transformations in order to adapt to the different hosts they live in. Autophagy, a highly conserved cellular degradation process, has emerged as a key mechanism required for these differentiation processes, as well as other functions that are crucial to parasite fitness. In contrast to yeasts and mammals, protist autophagy is characterized by a modest number of conserved autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) that, even though, can drive the autophagosome formation and degradation. In addition, during their intracellular cycle, the interaction of these pathogens with the host autophagy system plays a crucial role resulting in a beneficial or harmful effect that is important for the outcome of the infection. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on autophagy and other related mechanisms in pathogenic protists and their hosts. We sought to emphasize when, how, and why this process takes place, and the effects it may have on the parasitic cycle. A better understanding of the significance of autophagy for the protist life-cycle will potentially be helpful to design novel anti-parasitic strategies.