Challenges to the retention of the integrity of World Heritage Sites in Africa: the case of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara, Tanzania
Challenges to the retention of the integrity of World Heritage Sites in Africa: the case of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara, Tanzania
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DOI：
10.1080/0067270x.2017.1396665
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发表时间：
2017-01-01
影响因子：
1.1
通讯作者：
Mapunda, Bertram B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ichumbaki, Elgidius B.;Mapunda, Bertram B.
为了使世界遗产地(WHS)具有可持续性，它们需要定期照料和既定的管理计划。然而，这种照顾取决于资源的可获得性(技术和财政)以及政府的准备和承诺，以及地方社区等其他利益攸关方的参与。尽管世界卫生组织面临人为和自然威胁，但这一护理措施的实施使其继续存活。最近在坦桑尼亚Kilwa Kisiwani遗址和Songo Mnara遗址的文化遗产进行的最新研究表明，尽管已经为应对各种保护和管理挑战提供了大量财政资源，但坦桑尼亚政府并未完全承诺解决这些挑战，也没有充分参与当地社区对这些遗址的可持续管理。此外，在实施保护项目的过程中，与建筑结构一样构成该遗址突出普遍价值(OUV)一部分的考古沉积物被摧毁。尽管有这些缺点，教科文组织还是将Kilwa Kisiwani遗址和Songo Mnara WHS遗址从濒危遗址世界遗产名录(WHL)中删除。我们分析了在远不是最优的条件下保持WHS完整性所需的条件。我们建议，遵循既定管理计划的多重点WHS保护项目，在专业建议的帮助下，对于为子孙后代保护这些遗址至关重要。
For World Heritage Sites (WHS) to be sustainable, they need regular care and established Management Plans. Such care depends, however, upon the availability of resources (both technical and financial) and the readiness and commitment of government, together with the involvement of other stakeholders such as local communities. The application of this care results in the continued survival of WHS despite the anthropogenic and natural threats that they face. Recent research carried out at the cultural WHS of the Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara, Tanzania, indicates that, although significant financial resources have been given to address various conservation and management challenges, the Tanzanian government has not fully committed itself to resolving these challenges and has not fully involved local communities in sustainably managing the sites. Moreover, in the process of implementing conservation projects, archaeological deposits, which, like architectural structures, form part of the site's Outstanding Universal Values (OUV), have been destroyed. Despite these shortcomings, UNESCO has removed the Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara WHS from the World Heritage List (WHL) of sites in danger. We present an analysis of what is needed to retain WHS integrity in conditions that are far from optimal. We suggest that multi-focused WHS conservation projects that adhere to established Management Plans, aided by professional advice, are critical to preserving these sites for posterity.