Microglia: neuroprotective and neurotrophic cells in the central nervous system.
Microglia: neuroprotective and neurotrophic cells in the central nervous system.
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DOI：
10.2174/1568006043481284
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发表时间：
2004-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Kohsaka, Shinichi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Nakajima, Kazuyuki;Kohsaka, Shinichi
小胶质细胞目前被认为是中枢神经系统中对损伤和脑部疾病做出反应的传感器细胞。小胶质细胞的主要功能被认为是脑防御，因为它们已知可以阻止入侵的微生物和死细胞，并且还可以充当免疫或免疫效应细胞。然而，小胶质细胞也被认为通过产生有害因子（包括超氧阴离子、一氧化氮和炎性细胞因子）而导致许多脑疾病中的神经元变性和/或炎症的发作或加剧。尽管如此，小胶质细胞也已被证明通过消除细胞外空间中过量的兴奋性毒素来发挥神经保护作用。此外，有越来越多的证据表明，小胶质细胞产生神经营养和/或神经保护分子;特别是，已经表明，它们促进脑损伤情况下的神经元存活。在一般情况下，小胶质细胞是否作为神经毒性细胞或作为神经保护细胞在体内的问题已经获得了最近的关注。在本文中，我们提供了一个审查的结果表明，小胶质细胞基本上是神经营养/神经保护细胞的神经系统。此外，神经营养性小胶质细胞成为面向神经毒性状态的机制进行了讨论。
Microglia are currently accepted as sensor cells in the central nervous system that respond to injury and brain disease. The main function of microglia is believed to be brain defense, as they are known to scavenge invading microorganisms and dead cells, and also to act as immune or immunoeffector cells. However, microglia are also thought to contribute to the onset of or to exacerbate neuronal degeneration and/or inflammation in many brain diseases by producing deleterious factors including superoxide anions, nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines. Nonetheless, microglia have also been shown to act neuroprotectively by eliminating excess excitotoxins in the extracellular space. Moreover, there is accumulating evidence that microglia produce neurotrophic and/or neuroprotective molecules; in particular, it has been suggested that they promote neuronal survival in cases of brain injury. In general, the question of whether microglia act as neurotoxic cells or as neuroprotective cells in vivo has gained much recent attention. In this paper, we provide a review of findings indicating that the microglia are basically neurotrophic/neuroprotective cells in the nervous system. In addition, the mechanism by which neurotrophic microglia become oriented to a neurotoxic state is discussed.