Ambient Levels, Emission Sources and Health Effect of PM2.5-Bound Carbonaceous Particles and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the City of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Ambient Levels, Emission Sources and Health Effect of PM2.5-Bound Carbonaceous Particles and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the City of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
复制标题
DOI：
10.3390/atmos12050549
复制
发表时间：
2021-04
期刊：
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
H. Suradi;M. F. Khan;Nor Asrina Sairi;Haasyimah Ab Rahim;S. Yusoff;Y. Fujii;K. Qin;M. Bari
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
H. Suradi;M. F. Khan;Nor Asrina Sairi;Haasyimah Ab Rahim;S. Yusoff;Y. Fujii;K. Qin;M. Bari
随着人们对了解二次有机气溶胶(SOA)对城市地区颗粒物空气污染的贡献越来越感兴趣，马来西亚吉隆坡开展了一项探索性研究，以确定碳质气溶胶和多环芳烃(PAHs)的水平。在2019年1-3月东北季风期间，在吉隆坡多个地区使用大容量采样器连续24小时采集了PM2.5样本。对样品进行了水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的分析。估算了PM2.5中的二次有机碳(SOC)。采用气相色谱-火焰离子化检测器(GC-FID)对颗粒态多环芳烃进行了分析。WSOC、OC和EC的平均浓度分别为2.73±2.17(0.63-9.12)微克/立方米、6.88±4.94(3.12-24.1)微克/立方米和3.68±1.58(1.33-6.82)微克/立方米，估算的平均有机碳量为2.33微克/立方米，占总有机碳的34%。焦碳的优势大于碳烟的优势，说明PM2.5受生物质和燃煤来源的影响。总PAHs平均值为1.74±2.68 ng/m~3。来源识别方法显示，天然气和生物质燃烧以及城市交通燃烧是吉隆坡多环芳烃的主要来源。对几个年龄段的多环芳烃进行了确定性的健康风险评估，包括婴儿、幼儿、儿童、青少年和成年人。多环芳烃的致癌和非致癌风险远低于美国环保局建议的可接受水平。反向轨迹分析显示，东北气团将污染物带到了研究地区，这表明东北季风是吉隆坡空气污染加剧的主要原因。需要利用长期监测数据进一步开展工作，以了解促成SOA形成的多环芳烃的来源，并应用来源-风险分摊，以更好地阐明吉隆坡市区各种来源构成的潜在风险因素。
With increasing interest in understanding the contribution of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) to particulate air pollution in urban areas, an exploratory study was carried out to determine levels of carbonaceous aerosols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the city of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. PM2.5 samples were collected using a high-volume sampler for 24 h in several areas in Kuala Lumpur during the north-easterly monsoon from January to March 2019. Samples were analyzed for water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC). Secondary organic carbon (SOC) in PM2.5 was estimated. Particle-bound PAHs were analyzed using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Average concentrations of WSOC, OC, and EC were 2.73 ± 2.17 (range of 0.63–9.12) µg/m3, 6.88 ± 4.94 (3.12–24.1) µg/m3, and 3.68 ± 1.58 (1.33–6.82) µg/m3, respectively, with estimated average SOC of 2.33 µg/m3, contributing 34% to total OC. The dominance of char-EC over soot-EC suggests that PM2.5 is influenced by biomass and coal combustion sources. The average of total PAHs was 1.74 ± 2.68 ng/m3. Source identification methods revealed natural gas and biomass burning, and urban traffic combustion as dominant sources of PAHs in Kuala Lumpur. A deterministic health risk assessment of PAHs was conducted for several age groups, including infant, toddler, children, adolescent, and adult. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of PAH species were well below the acceptable levels recommended by the USEPA. Backward trajectory analysis revealed north-east air mass brought pollutants to the studied areas, suggesting the north-easterly monsoon as a major contributor to increased air pollution in Kuala Lumpur. Further work is needed using long-term monitoring data to understand the origin of PAHs contributing to SOA formation and to apply source-risk apportionment to better elucidate the potential risk factors posed by the various sources in urban areas in Kuala Lumpur.