Urban living laboratories: Conducting the experimental city?
Urban living laboratories: Conducting the experimental city?
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DOI：
10.1177/0969776418787222
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发表时间：
2019-10-01
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Frantzeskaki, Niki
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bulkeley, Harriet;Marvin, Simon;Frantzeskaki, Niki
最近，人们对实验城市作为管理城市可持续性的竞技场的兴趣高涨，这不仅标志着各种实验形式的出现--从新的治理安排到示范项目、过渡管理过程到基层创新--而且也标志着研究界越来越认识到，可以从实验的角度来考虑城市干预措施。然而，随着研究的进展，人们已经清楚地认识到，实验并不是一种单一的现象，可以通过任何一个概念切入点来容易地理解。在这篇文章中，我们聚焦于一种特殊的实验模式--城市生活实验室(ULL)--并开发了一种类型学，通过它对40只欧洲乌尔进行比较分析，了解这种形式的实验是如何设计和实施的，并确定它们所涉及的特殊形式的实验。我们认为，存在着不同类型的普遍学习能力，一方面通过特定类型的配置和实践来设计和部署它们，另一方面通过它们采取实验室形式的方式：它们所涉及的对实验室的不同处置。我们提出了三种“理想”的城市生活质量类型--战略的、公民的和有机的--并认为这些类型可以被放置在四种处置方式中：试验、飞地、示范和平台。
The recent upsurge of interest in the experimental city as an arena within and through which urban sustainability is governed marks not only the emergence of the proliferation of forms of experimentation - from novel governance arrangements to demonstration projects, transition management processes to grassroots innovations - but also an increasing sensibility amongst the research community that urban interventions can be considered in experimental terms. Yet as research has progressed, it has become clear that experimentation is not a singular phenomenon that can be readily understood using any one conceptual entry point. In this paper, we focus on one particular mode of experimentation - the urban living laboratory (ULL) - and develop a typology through which to undertake a comparative analysis of 40 European ULLs, to understand how and why such forms of experimentation are being designed and implemented, and to identify the particular forms of experimentation they entail. We argue that there are distinct types of ULL taking shape, delimited by the ways in which they are designed and deployed through, on the one hand, specific kinds of configuration and practice and, on the other hand, by the ways in which they take laboratory form: the different dispositions towards the laboratory they entail. We propose three 'ideal' ULL types - strategic, civic and organic - and argue that these can be placed along the spectrum of four dispositions: trial, enclave, demonstration and platform.