Nutrient risk assessment: Setting upper levels and an opportunity for harmonization
Nutrient risk assessment: Setting upper levels and an opportunity for harmonization
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DOI：
10.1177/15648265070281s104
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发表时间：
2007-03-01
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Aggett, Peter J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Aggett, Peter J.
上限是对一生中每天可以摄入的营养素数量的估计，而不会对健康造成明显风险。确定营养素上限的方法，即营养素风险评估，源自对故意添加到食品中或作为污染物存在于食品中的外来化学品的风险评估。这一风险评估过程是严格和透明的，特别是在处理因现有数据及其评估和对人口的推断而产生的不确定性方面。危害识别和特性描述，即，的剂量反应模式，适用于外源性物质，首先进行了讨论，然后将这种方法应用于营养素的困难进行了审查。与外来化学物质相比，营养素具有特定的和选择性的代谢途径和稳态，以及特定的功能。这就是各种国家和国际咨询机构所作的营养物风险评估存在差异的根源。虽然在这些工作中使用了相同的数据，但在确定不利影响、评估中不确定性的性质以及将上限与接触评估和饮食参考值相匹配方面，作出了不同的判断。为不同的国家和国际社会设立不同的上限，是公共卫生政策和做法混乱的根源，也是贸易障碍。有人提议，协调营养素风险评估中使用的现有方法的基础是，合作开发一种模式，用于确定世界卫生组织和粮食及农业组织联合工作队最近描述的营养素和相关物质的摄入上限。
Upper levels are estimates of the quantity of a nutrient that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable risk to health. The approach to establishing upper levels for nutrients, nutrient risk assessment, has derived from the risk assessment of foreign chemicals that are deliberately added to foods, or are in food as contaminants. This process of risk assessment is rigorous and transparent, particularly in dealing with the uncertainty arising from the data available and their assessment and extrapolation to human populations. Hazard identification and characterization, i.e., a dose-response pattern, as applied to xenobiotics, are discussed first, and then the difficulties of applying this approach to nutrients are reviewed. Nutrients, in contrast to foreign chemicals, have specific and selective metabolic pathways and homeostasis, as well as specific functions. This is the source of differences in the nutrient risk assessments produced by various national and international advisory bodies. Although the same data are used in such exercises, different judgments are made about identifying adverse effects, the nature of uncertainties in the assessment, and in matching the upper levels with exposure assessments and dietary reference values. The establishment of different upper levels for different national and international communities is a source of confusion in public health policy and practice and a barrier to trade. It is proposed that a basis for harmonizing the existing approaches used in nutrient risk assessment would be the collaborative development of the model for establishing upper levels of intake for nutrients and related substances that has been recently described by a Joint Task Force of the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization.