Do actions speak louder than words? A comparative perspective on implicit versus explicit meta-cognition and theory of mind.
Do actions speak louder than words? A comparative perspective on implicit versus explicit meta-cognition and theory of mind.
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行动胜于雄辩吗？
DOI：
10.1111/j.2044-835x.2011.02065.x
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Smith,JDavid
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Couchman,JustinJ;Beran,MichaelJ;Coutinho,MarianaVC;Boomer,Joseph;Zakrzewski,Alexandria;Church,Barbara;Smith,JDavid
对非人类动物(下称动物)认知的研究发现了强有力的证据，表明一些动物物种能够元认知地监控自己的精神状态。他们知道什么时候知道，什么时候不知道。相比之下，动物通常没有表现出强大的心理理论(TOM)能力。比较研究使用的方法是非语言的，因此可以很容易地用传统人类认知的术语被贴上“隐含”的标签。然而，比较心理学已经发展了几种非语言方法，旨在测试元认知的各个方面--尽管可能不是完全明确的--超越了仅仅是内隐或联想。我们相信，类似的方法可能会对从事幼儿工作的发展研究人员有用，并可能提供一种可靠的经验性替代口头报告的方法。比较心理学已经从全有或全无的范畴标签(例如，“隐性”与“显性”)转向一种包含从内隐到外显，从联想到认知再到全意识的一系列心理能力的理论框架。我们讨论了当涉及到内隐与外显加工和心理理论时，同样的框架如何应用于发展心理学。
Research in non‐human animal (hereafter, animal) cognition has found strong evidence that some animal species are capable of meta‐cognitively monitoring their mental states. They know when they know and when they do not know. In contrast, animals have generally not shown robust theory of mind (ToM) capabilities. Comparative research uses methods that are non‐verbal, and thus might easily be labelled ‘implicit’ using the terminology of traditional human cognition. However, comparative psychology has developed several non‐verbal methods that are designed to test for aspects of meta‐cognition that – while perhaps not fully explicit – go beyond the merely implicit or associative. We believe similar methods might be useful to developmental researchers who work with young children, and may provide a sound empirical alternative to verbal reports. Comparative psychology has moved away from all‐or‐none categorical labels (e.g., ‘implicit’ vs. ‘explicit’) towards a theoretical framework that contains a spectrum of mental abilities ranging from implicit to explicit, and from associative to cognitive to fully conscious. We discuss how this same framework might be applied to developmental psychology when it comes to implicit versus explicit processing and ToM.