SITUATED POLITENESS: MANIPULATING HONORIFIC AND NON-HONORIFIC EXPRESSIONS IN JAPANESE CONVERSATIONS
SITUATED POLITENESS: MANIPULATING HONORIFIC AND NON-HONORIFIC EXPRESSIONS IN JAPANESE CONVERSATIONS
复制标题
情境礼貌：日语对话中敬语和非敬语的运用
DOI：
10.1075/prag.9.1.05oka
复制
发表时间：
1999
期刊：
影响因子：
1.1
通讯作者：
S. Okamoto
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Okamoto
尽管Lakoff (1973)、Leech (1983)、Brown and Levison (1987)提出的语言礼貌理论具有影响力并激发了后续研究的极大兴趣，但许多学者也指出了他们理论的局限性：这些理论没有考虑礼貌含义中的文化和情境变异性；提出了礼貌规则和格言，但没有详细说明何时以及如何使用它们；某些言语行为或语言表达被认为本质上是礼貌/不礼貌的（或面子威胁）；个人话语的礼貌而不是相关话语的礼貌一直是研究的焦点（Hymes 1986；Blum-Kulka 1987；Fraser 1990；Gu 1990；Watts et al. 1992；Agha 1994 等）。在这项研究中，我认为礼貌的表达与特定的社会背景以及说话者对礼貌的看法有关。因此，对语言礼貌的充分解释需要仔细检查话语中的语言表达、说话者关于礼貌的想法和社会背景之间的关系。作为一个恰当的例子，本研究考察了日语对话中敬语的使用——这是日语中表达礼貌的最重要的方式之一。 Brown 和 Levinson (1987) 将敬语视为消极礼貌策略（给予尊重）的输出，以纠正威胁面子的行为。然而，有人指出，日语中的每一句话都需要在敬语和非敬语表达之间进行选择，因此，这不能被视为仅适用于某些潜在威胁面子的言语行为的礼貌策略（Matsumoto 1988）。此外，虽然英语等语言中的礼貌大多被认为与说话者的意志策略有关，但日语中敬语和其他正式表达方式的使用通常被认为受到严格的基于情境的规则或惯例的约束。有人认为，在某些社交场合，敬语是必须的或期望的；敬语在语法上编码了上下文中认可的某些社会关系，例如地位差异和亲密程度（例如Ide 1989；Tokunaga 1992）。 Hill 等人（1986）和 Ide（1989）将这种语言礼貌视为辨别力而不是意志力的问题。意志“允许说话者在礼貌的语言表达中做出更加积极的选择”，而辨别力则指“几乎自动遵守社会商定的规则”；也就是说，在礼貌的辨别方面，说话人可以被认为是被动地服从系统的要求。即，一旦注意到受话人和情况的某些因素，就可以选择合适的说话人。
While the theories of linguistic politeness advanced by Lakoff (1973), Leech (1983), and Brown and Levison (1987) have been influential and spurred great interest in ensuing research on this topic, limitations of their theories have also been pointed out by many scholars: These theories do not consider cultural and situational variability in the meanings of politeness; politeness rules and maxims are proposed without detailed descriptions of when and how to use them; certain speech acts or linguistic expressions are assumed to be inherently polite/impolite (or face-threatening); and politeness of individual utterances rather than connected discourse has been the focus of study (Hymes 1986; Blum-Kulka 1987; Fraser 1990; Gu 1990; Watts et al. 1992; Agha 1994, etc.). In this study, I maintain that expressions of politeness are relative to specific social contexts as well as to the speakers' ideas about politeness. An adequate account of linguistic politeness thus requires a close examination of the relationship among linguistic expressions in discourse, speakers' ideas about politeness, and social contexts. As a case in point, the present study examines Japanese conversations with regard to the use of honorifics--one of the most important means of expressing politeness in Japanese. Brown and Levinson (1987) treat honorifics as outputs of a negative politeness strategy--Give deference--for redressing face-threatening acts. However, it has been pointed out that every utterance in Japanese requires a choice between honorific and non-honorific expressions, which, therefore, cannot be regarded as a matter of politeness strategies applicable only to certain potentially face-threatening speech acts (Matsumoto 1988). Further, while politeness in languages like English is mostly thought to concern speakers' volitional strategies, the use of honorifics and other formal expressions in Japanese is often said to be governed by rigorous situation-based rules, or conventions. Given certain social situations, it is argued, honorifics are obligatory or expected; honorifics grammatically encode certain social relations recognized in the context, such as status difference and degree of intimacy (eg Ide 1989; Tokunaga 1992). Hill et al.(1986) and Ide (1989) treat this kind of linguistic politeness as a matter of Discernment rather than Volition. While Volition" allows the speaker a considerably more active choice" in linguistic expressions of politeness, Discernment refers to" the almost automatic observation of socially-agreed-upon rules"; that is, in the Discernment aspect of politeness," the speaker can be considered to submit passively to the requirement of the system. That is, once certain factors of addressee and situation are noted, the selection of an appropriate
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
Akiko Yamazaki;Hyun Jung Kwon;Keiko Ikeda;Cook Haruko Minegishi ,Matthew Burdeslki
通讯作者：
Cook Haruko Minegishi ,Matthew Burdeslki