Effects of Deer Grazing on Vegetation and Ground-Dwelling Insects in a Larch Forest in Okutama, Western Tokyo
Effects of Deer Grazing on Vegetation and Ground-Dwelling Insects in a Larch Forest in Okutama, Western Tokyo
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鹿放牧对东京西部奥多摩落叶松林植被和地面昆虫的影响
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发表时间：
2015
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Takatsuki
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作者：
Hodaka Yamada;S. Takatsuki
西卡鹿（Cervus nippon）在日本列岛经历了快速增长。虽然鹿放牧的影响已被广泛研究，间接影响很少受到关注。在日本东京西部的一个8岁的鹿围栏中，我们研究了对植物的直接影响和对昆虫和微环境的间接影响。围栏内植物生物量是围栏外的14倍。灌木（例如，辽东木和圆锥绣球）和树木（例如，山矾（Symplocos sawafutagi）和山柳（Clethra barbinervis）在室内更丰富，而只有条件差的不好吃的树在室外生长（例如，Pterostyrax hispida和Cynanchum caudatum）。在夏季，围墙外的最高温度高出8-10°C，湿度较低。土壤的移动是室外的80倍。这些结果表明，非生物环境变得不稳定的地面生活的昆虫。步甲的数量比里面少，这表明鹿放牧减少了植物，随后降低了这些甲虫的栖息地质量。相比之下，腐尸甲虫，粪甲虫和骆驼蟋蟀在外面更丰富。这些昆虫的增加是由于鹿的粪便和尸体的可用性，是鹿的存在的直接影响。
Sika deer (Cervus nippon) have experienced a rapid increase in the Japanese archipelago. Although the effects of deer grazing have been widely studied, the indirect effects have received little attention. Using an eight-year-old deer exclosure in western Tokyo (Japan), we studied the direct effects on plants and the indirect effects on insects and microenvironments. Plant biomass was 14 times higher inside the exclosure than outside. Shrubs (e.g., Aralia elata and Hydrangea paniculata) and trees (e.g., Symplocos sawafutagi and Clethra barbinervis) were more abundant inside, whereas only unpalatable trees in poor condition grew outside (e.g., Pterostyrax hispida and Cynanchum caudatum). In the summer months, the maximum temperature was 8–10°C higher outside the exclosure and humidity was lower. Soil movement was 80 times more pronounced outside than inside. These results suggest that the abiotic environment became less stable for ground-dwelling insects. Carabid beetles were less abundant outside than inside, suggesting that deer grazing reduced plants and subsequently lowered habitat quality for these beetles. In contrast, carrion beetles, dung beetles, and camel crickets were more abundant outside. The increase in these insects is attributed to the availability of deer feces and carcasses and is a direct effect of deer presence.