An Estimate of Housing Discrimination Against Same-Sex Couples
An Estimate of Housing Discrimination Against Same-Sex Couples
复制标题
对同性伴侣的住房歧视的估计
DOI：
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
McKenzie Ballou
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Friedman;Angela Reynolds;Susan Scovill;Florence R. Brassier;Ron Campbell;McKenzie Ballou
这是第一项大规模配对测试研究，旨在通过互联网广告评估大都市租赁市场中同性伴侣的住房歧视。该研究基于 2011 年 6 月至 10 月在美国 50 个大都市市场进行的 6,833 封电子邮件通信测试。对于每次通信测试，我们向住房提供商发送两封电子邮件，每封电子邮件询问互联网上广告的公寓的可用性。两封电子邮件之间的唯一区别是进行询问的夫妇的性取向。进行了两组对应测试，一组评估男同性恋伴侣相对于异性伴侣的待遇，另一组评估女同性恋伴侣相对于异性伴侣的待遇。该方法首次提供了直接证据，证明在美国搜索互联网广告出租房屋时，同性伴侣与异性伴侣相比受到歧视。研究发现，同性伴侣在网络租赁住房市场上所受到的待遇不如异性伴侣。不利待遇的主要形式是，同性伴侣收到有关广告单位的电子邮件询问的回复明显少于异性伴侣。在具有州级保护以防止基于性取向的住房歧视的司法管辖区中的研究结果出乎意料地显示，同性伴侣受到的不利待遇比没有此类保护的司法管辖区的结果略为严重。这项研究为租赁交易门槛阶段基于性取向的歧视提供了重要的初步观察，也是未来研究同性伴侣住房歧视的出发点。
This is the first large-scale, paired-testing study to assess housing discrimination against same-sex couples in metropolitan rental markets via advertisements on the Internet. The research is based on 6,833 e-mail correspondence tests conducted in 50 metropolitan markets across the United States from June through October 2011. For each correspondence test, two e-mails were sent to the housing provider, each inquiring about the availability of the unit advertised on the Internet. The only difference between the two e-mails was the sexual orientation of the couple making the inquiry. Two sets of correspondence tests were conducted, one assessing the treatment of gay male couples relative to heterosexual couples and one assessing the treatment of lesbian couples relative to heterosexual couples. This methodology provides the first direct evidence of discriminatory treatment of same-sex couples compared with the treatment of heterosexual couples when searching for rental housing advertised on the Internet in the United States.The study finds that same-sex couples experience less favorable treatment than heterosexual couples in the online rental housing market. The primary form of adverse treatment is that same-sex couples receive significantly fewer responses to e-mail inquiries about advertised units than heterosexual couples. Study results in jurisdictions with state-level protections against housing discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation unexpectedly show slightly more adverse treatment of same-sex couples than results in jurisdictions without such protections. This study provides an important initial observation of discrimination based on sexual orientation at the threshold stage of the rental transaction and is a point of departure for future research on housing discrimination against same-sex couples.